While examining this patient, the doctor recalls the layers of the walls of the scrotum and that they correspond to layers of the abdominal wall, reflecting their developmental origins. She recalls that muscle is present in two of these layers. To which layers in the abdominal wall do the muscle-containing layers of the scrotum correspond?

The right testicular artery arises from:

During resection of a cancer along the greater curvature of the stomach, the surgical team must ligate vessels in the gastrosplenic ligament. Which vessel in particular would they wish to ligate here?

Which of the following structure/s is/are also present in this ligament?

After successful endovascular treatment of the embolus, the patient has ongoing abdominal pain and the general surgical team take the patient to theatre to assess the health of the small and large bowel. They are most concerned about the health of the bowel up to which of the following anatomical locations, given the blood supply affected?

A 75 year old self-identified female with known AF presents with sudden onset abdominal pain and vomiting. On examination she appears pale, clammy and her heart rate is 120 with a BP of 85/60. A CT scan is carried out and an embolus was seen in the vessel labelled A. Which of the following organs are most likely to be affected by an embolus in the vessel labelled A?

As a younger patient, the treating team are keen to rule-out appendicitis as a potential cause for this patient’s pain. Which of the following patterns of pain would be MOST CONSISTENT with appendicitis?

To further diagnose and treat her condition, a laparoscopy (keyhole surgery accessing the abdominal cavity) is carried out by both the gynaecology and general surgical teams. As the appendix is sometimes difficult to locate, which of the following structures helps the surgical team by “pointing” to the appendix?

The appendix does not appear to be overtly inflamed. However, as the general surgical team is present, the vermiform appendix is removed and sent for pathology nonetheless. Following this, the gynaecology team takes over to investigate ovarian pathology.

Later, during histological examination, several layers of muscle within the wall are observed. From superficial to deep, which of the following would best describe the wall of the appendix?

A 19-year old self-identified woman presents to the emergency department with lower abdominal pain. The pain was sudden onset and localising to the right lower quadrant. The patient prefers to sit up, as lying down causes radiation of the pain to the right shoulder. A provisional diagnosis of intra-abdominal free-fluid is made, secondary to ovarian pathology. Her shoulder pain is a explained by: