Melanin accumulates within the nucleus and absorbs UV light, thereby protecting the DNA

Melanin accumulates over the nucleus and absorbs UV light, thereby protecting the DNA

Melanin accumulates in the nucleus and inhibits cell cycle proteins, halting the cell cycle and allowing DNA repair

Melanin in vesicles surrounding the nucleus reflects UV light onto intracellular organelles 

is upregulated in cancer cells, inhibiting apoptosis

eradicates cancer cells through inhibition of Bak/Bax

eradicates diseased cells through promotion of cytochrome c release

is commonly lost in cancer cells, promoting apoptosis

Inheritance of inactivated Rb results in cancer

Activation of one Rb allele results in cancer

Inactivation of both Rb alleles results in cancer

Inactivation of Rb inhibits cell cycle and DNA synthesis

increase spontaneous DNA mutation rate

increase oncogene expression

decrease DNA methylation

increase telomere length

Overexpression of growth factor receptors through gene amplification or increased expression

Reduced telomerase activity

Increasing E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact

Increased RNA polymerase activity

Recruitment of cancer associated fibroblasts

Immune cell infiltration

Tumour

growth above 2mm

Migration and invasion

Promotion

Initiation

Transition

Progression

Extracellular matrix via enhanced extracellular matrix synthesis

T cells via immune checkpoint inhibitors that enhance T cell responses

Tumour vasculature via therapies that enhance angiogenesis

B cells via immune checkpoint inhibitors that diminish B cell responses

Initiation

Promotion

Progression

Transition

Checkpoint receptor interactions between tumour cells and cytotoxic T cells

Alkylating chemotherapy

Checkpoint receptor interactions between tumour cells

Checkpoint receptor interactions between tumour cells and stromal cells