The 18-Mo mice who received both MitoQ & BGP-15, provided enhanced protection against chromosomal misalignment than either treatment on its own

Oocytes from old mice (18-Mo) have the same rate of chromosome misalignment as young mice

Treatment with either MitoQ or BGP-15 reduces chromosomal misalignment in old mice (18-MO)

MitoQ significantly improves the percentage of young oocytes (1-Mo) with aligned chromosomes

Oocytes obtain most of their ATP from glycolysis but mitochondrial ATP remains important

Fertilisation induces an increase in ROS that leads to aneuploidy in the second meiotic division

Ageing oocytes show an increase in ATP and decrease in ROS

Fertilisation triggers an increase in ATP to support the egg to embryo transition

The level of Separase present on chromosomes decreases with age

Cohesin plays a critical role in maintaining chromosome cohesion in meiosis I and meiosis II, and as females age there is less cohesin present

Separase degrades all Cohesin from the chromosomes to allow progression of anaphase in the first meiotic division, but this process occurs less efficiently with age

The level of Cohesin present on chromosomes increases with age

Fertility only declines after the age of 30

Fertility is inversely proportional to the rate of spontaneous abortion

Fertility is proportional to the rate of spontaneous abortion

Fertility only declines after the age of 35

Melatonin reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in the fetal brain, preventing damage during hypoxia

Melatonin enhances fetal brain development by promoting growth of non-neuronal cells

Melatonin supresses fetal brain activity conserving energy and reducing oxygen consumption

Fetal adaptation to hypoxia involves accelerating lung development to increase oxygen uptake

Fetal adaptations to hypoxia includes reduced blood flow to the placenta, which conserves oxygen and maintains blood pressure 

Fetal adaptation involves increasing blood flow to non-essential organs to compensate for reduced oxygen levels

Fetal adaptation to hypoxia entails redirecting blood flow to the brain and heart

Factors secreted in the placenta can alter the vascular modelling further exacerbating the hypoxic state of the placenta

Vascular remodelling within the placenta reduces oxidative stress within the placenta

Vascular remodelling within the placenta instigates a change from a non-hypoxic state to a hypoxic state within the placenta

Vascular remodelling within the placenta reduces the amount of secreted factors that instigate fetal growth restriction

Collected of placental DNA fragments (cell-free DNA)

Maternal DNA testing

Chorionic villus sampling

Amniocentesis

A small number of epigenetic changes would be made to the individual’s genome, all of which would increase their susceptibility to certain diseases

Many different epigenetic changes would be made to the individual’s genome, some of which would increase their susceptibility to certain diseases

The epigenetic changes that occur due to the adverse event are completely fixed and cannot be further modified during the individual’s lifetime

The epigenetic changes that occur due to the adverse event will all be removed through eraser enzymes in time

All of the post translational modifications on histones promote the condensation of DNA to form chromatin

All of the post translational modifications on histones promote the relaxation of DNA to allow it to unwind

The epigenetic state of a region of DNA is largely fixed, but it needs to be able to change if needed

The additional of post-translational modifications influences the epigenetic state of the DNA region