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PHY2042 - Human physiology: Cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems - S2 2025

PHY2042 - Human physiology: Cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems - S2 2025

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The kidney produces substances that regulate the following:

arterial blood pressure.

❌

red blood cell production by the bone marrow.

❌

calcium absorption from the gut.

❌

all of the above.

✅

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Which of the following statements is the most correct?

In patients with emphysema:

there is a greater effect on inspiration than on expiration.

collapse of bronchioles increases the resistance to airflow.

lung recoil pressure (elasticity) increases.

lung recoil pressure is increased leading to a reduction in functional residual capacity (FRC).

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In the upright lung:

Perfusion is uniformly distributed in the upper and lower parts of the lung but ventilation is higher in the bottom of the lung.

❌

Ventilation is higher in the bottom of the lung and perfusion is also higher in the bottom of the lung.

✅

Ventilation is uniformly distributed in the upper and lower parts of the lung but perfusion is higher in the bottom of the lung.

❌

Ventilation is higher in the bottom of the lung but perfusion is higher in the upper part of the lung.

❌

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Which of the following statements about the respiratory control centres is true?

The pneumotaxic centre stimulates breathing

The apneustic centre is needed for quiet breathing

Only the ventral medullary group of neurons functions in a respiratory cycle

The dorsal and ventral medullary regions are sufficient for quiet breathing

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After staying for 2 months at a higher altitude, which one of the following will NOT occur?

Increased vascularity of the peripheral tissues (Increase in the number of capillaries).

❌

Tissue cells will increase their ability to use oxygen.

❌

Oxygen carrying capacity of the blood will be higher than the level before the start of ascending.

❌

Ventilation level will return to the level before ascending to the higher altitude.

✅

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In which one of these respiratory diseases the airway resistance increases:

Asthma.

Emphysema.

All of them.

Chronic bronchitis.

If a compound shifts the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, it means that this compound:

Increases the binding sites of haemoglobin to O2.

Increases the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen.

Decreases the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen.

Decreases the binding sites of haemoglobin to O2.

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Approximately what percentage of cardiac output do the kidneys receive under normal conditions?

5-10%

20-25%

50-55%

80-85%

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Pulse oximeter is used for measurement of:

The degree of haemoglobin saturation in the blood.

Concentration of haemoglobin in the arterial blood.

CO2 level in the arterial blood

Position of the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (left or right).

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A patient complains of early fatigue and intolerance even during mild exercise. However, he has normal partial pressures of oxygen and CO2 in his systemic arterial blood. Her FEV1 = 4 and FVC = 5 liters. Which one of the following might better describe his situation:

He has severe asthma.

He has severe chronic bronchitis.

He has a very low concentration of haemoglobin in his blood.

100%

He has severe problem with diffusion of O2 and CO2 across the respiratory membranes.

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