A/Prof Broughton is hoping his novel treatment for pulmonary hypertension will undergo clinical trials and be prescribed to patients within 15 years.

Which clinical trial phase is likely to be the MOST expensive?

Australia’s

strategic approach to improve bench to bedside includes:

Use the abstract extract below to choose the correct statement regarding the answerable question for this review.

Abstract

Purpose of review: This study aims to systematically review and summarise the efficacy and safety of yoga for osteoarthritis. Medline (through PubMed), Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were searched through April 2018 for randomised controlled trials of yoga for osteoarthritis. Primary outcomes were pain intensity, function, and quality of life; secondary outcomes were mental health and safety. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool and quality of evidence through GRADE.

Recent findings: Nine trials including 640 individuals with mainly lower extremity osteoarthritis aged 50-80 years were identified, with 80.3% female participants (median). Meta-analyses revealed very low-quality evidence for the effects of yoga on pain (vs. exercise: standardised mean difference (SMD) = - 1.07; 95%CI - 1.92, - 0.21; p = 0.01; vs. non-exercise: SMD = - 0.75; 95%CI - 1.18, - 0.31; p < 0.001), physical function (vs. exercise: SMD = 0.80; 95%CI 0.36; 1.24; p < 0.001; vs. non-exercise: SMD = 0.60; 95%CI 0.30, 0.98; p < 0.001), and stiffness (vs. exercise: SMD = - 0.92; 95%CI - 1.69, - 0.14; p = 0.008; vs. non-exercise: SMD = - 0.76; 95%CI - 1.26, - 0.26; p = 0.003) in individuals with knee osteoarthritis.

Who was responsible for releasing the most

recent Australian code for the responsible conduct of research?

Select the correct statement regarding systematic reviews and narrative reviews: