The arcuate nucleus is essential to the control of body weight. Select the correct response regarding the neural circuitry within this region:

Carlos is 64 years

old and visits his GP as he is concerned about his mid-life weight gain. He

knows that he is overweight and therefore at high risk of developing type 2

diabetes. Carlos’ GP requests a series of blood test and an oral glucose

tolerance test to be performed

Part A.

Carlos’

glucose tolerance test results suggest that he have insulin resistance.

Describe how insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and the

liver leads to hyperglycaemia and impaired lipid metabolism (4 marks).

Part B.

Her GP

prescribes her with a biguanide drug. Describe what this is and how it affects glucose

in both skeletal muscle and the gut (4 marks)

Part C.

Six months

later, Cynthia returns to her GP who prescribes her with the weight loss drug Contrave.

Describe how it regulates food intake and blood glucose levels (4 marks)

Ghrelin is a secreted from the stomach and acts to regulate food intake. Select the CORRECT statement regarding ghrelin action:

Kai's has been diagnosed with an aggressive form of late stage cancer. The research says that a new oral chemotherapy will improve his chance of survival by 30% at six months though there are several side effects. His oncologist is recommending this treatment and says his other patients have responded well.  

Kai has acknowledged the research and doctor's suggestion and understands the benefits and disadvantages of taking versus not taking the oral chemotherapy. He has decided not to take the treatment as he is concerned about the side effects for what he considers a short additional period of life. 

The oncologist is pushing Kai to start the treatment.

Given what you know about evidence-based practice what is the appropriate action?

A/Prof Broughton is keen to examine the benefits of stem cell therapy to assess whether it can repair damaged heart tissue in patients that have suffered a heart attack.

He has chosen to test the beneficial effects of induced pluripotent stem cells.  These cells are an ethically suitable choice because they:

The final step of evidence based practice is:

There is a growing concern about the number of treatments that are successful in animal models but fail in clinical trials.

Which of the following is MOST likely contributing to the lack of translation?

Using a fluorescent microscope,

a PhD student has taken images of immune cells and apoptosis in lung sections from

mice that have an airway disease.

Which of the following is ethically

inappropriate for him to do in preparing the data for publication?

Bench

to bedside involves 3 distinct phases: Discovery, Development and Delivery. The

discovery phase includes which of the following?

Dr Amy Farrah Fowler has submitted an animal ethics application proposing

to test the beneficial effects of a new drug that prevents inflammation in a

permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model of stroke. She is excited to test this treatment in an animal model of stroke with the goal to translate into humans. However, the animal

ethics committee are very concerned that the mice subjected to this severe stroke model will be painful for the animals and they may have

difficulties eating after surgery.