Toxin production

Cell lysis

Direct external cell damage

Alteration of intracellular pathways

Host immune response

A metaorganism is a highly evolved organism capable of complex thought and interactions.

All animals have clear mutualistic symbiotic interactions with microbes, and can therefore be classed as metaorganisms.

A metaorganism would be classed as at least two or more organisms in an intimate symbiosis, usually for the benefit of all.

A metaorganism would be classed as at least three or more organisms in an intimate symbiosis, usually for the benefit of all.

Samples could not be found

Replicating the chemical composition was too difficult

The vast majority of bacteria were anaerobic

They required human cells to live on

ecological niche.

niche.

realised niche.

fundamental niche.

Streptococcus pyogenes: this bacteria always causes disease, which can present a wide array of manifestations in humans, ranging from mild localized infections to life-threatening invasive infections.

Lactobacillus acidophilus: this bacteria is exclusively beneficial in the human gut.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a bacteria that can reside in the human body for long periods of time, before producing symptoms, and is always pathogenic.

Campylobacter: people who become infected with this bacteria will get diarrhoea, cramping, abdominal pain, and fever that lasts from one to two weeks.

i, iii and v

i, ii and v

ii, iii and vi

ii, iv and vi

Female barn swallows prefer to mate with long-tailed males because these males have genes that confer resistance against parasites. These genes are then inherited by the offspring.

Juvenile sea turtles will attempt to return to their foraging areas if relocated to a different part of the coastline.

Migratory geese have higher survival rates than non-migratory geese during harsh winters.

Changes in hormone concentrations cause young male prairie dogs to disperse from the natal home.

when sea temperatures become elevated, the high temperatures cause the ocean to acidify, stressing the coral.

when sea temperatures become elevated, algal photosynthesis generates reactive oxygen species that damage the coral cells.

in response to increased sun exposure, as UV damages and stresses the coral.

in response to increased sun exposure corals are able to photosynthesise themselves, so no longer require algae.