A man is scratched by his cat. A phagocyte near the scratch site recognizes and engulfs a bacterium. Shortly thereafter, more phagocytes arrive in the tissue surrounding the scratch. How are the additional phagocytes recruited to the site of the scratch?

 In a typical healthy person, in which of these regions would you NOT find resident microbes?

Note: Multiple answers may be correct, marks will be deducted from the total score if an incorrect answer is chosen, to a minimum of 0. 

 Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that blocks the formation of crosslinks between peptidoglycan tetramers in the bacterial cell wall. There are multiple mechanisms of resistance to vancomycin, but one of importance is the vanHAX operon, which works to alter the amino acid residues that are the site of crosslinking of peptidoglycan layers in Gram positive bacteria.

Based on this information, the vanHAX mediated resistance to Vancomycin is an example of:

Firmicutes are a phyla of bacteria that live within the human gut. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which this beneficial bacteria is allowed to remain without triggering a strong immune response?

 Which of these is a mechanism by which current antibiotics would most likely kill a bacterial population?

 The bacterium Salmonella enterica Typhoid initially invades intestinal epithelial cells within which the bacterium replicates. While located intracellularly the Salmonella bacterium produces a potent gastrointestinal toxin (called Typhoid toxin) that interferes with the aquaporins in the intestinal wall that normally maintain osmotic balance. The result is the influx of water into the gastrointestinal lumen causing profuse diarrhea.

What would you consider the ultimate cause of the release of the Typhoid toxin?

Sulfamethoxypyridazine (a member of the sulfonamide group of antibiotics) is often prescribed to treat thrush and is described as bacteriostatic, meaning that this antibiotic most likely works by:

Which of the following statements are TRUE of metaorganisms?