Plasmodium falciparum–infected red blood cells accumulate in the spleen, leading to splenic enlargement.

Plasmodium falciparum–infected red blood cells adhere to vascular endothelium, leading to microvascular obstruction.

Plasmodium vivax–infected red blood cells accumulate in the spleen, leading to splenic enlargement.

Plasmodium vivax–infected red blood cells adhere to vascular endothelium, leading to microvascular obstruction.

Gametocyte formation in the mosquito gut

Merozoite release from erythrocytic schizonts

Initial sporozoite entry into hepatocytes

Sporozoite migration to mosquito salivary glands

The organism is multicellular and forms filamentous hyphae

The organism is motile and able to move actively in its environment

The organism obtains energy through photosynthesis using chloroplasts

The organism is surrounded by a cell wall that contains chitin

Protozoan

Bacterium

Helminth

Fungus

Heterotrophic consumer

Autotrophic producer

Heterotrophic decomposer

Talaromyces marneffei

Giardia duodenalis

Brugia malayi

Entamoeba histolytica

introduction of cell-derived oncogenes into the cell.

integration within a proto-oncogene, silencing its expression.

integration into the genome near to a tumour suppressor gene, enhancing its expression.

integration into the genome near to an oncogene, enhancing its expression.

Enhanced production of antibodies resulting in non-productive binding to virion

Enhanced infection of monocytes via Fc receptors

Recognition of envelope proteins on infected cells by T-cells

Enhanced infection of B-cells via MHC receptors

upregulation of cellular tumour suppressors due to viral promoters in the inserted provirus genome.

activation of E2F transcription factor via sequestration of retinoblastoma protein.

activation of p53 via interaction with viral protein.

introduction of a cell-derived viral oncogene (v-onc) carried within the viral genome.

activation of RNA polymerase by VP16 in epithelial cells.

presence of the appropriate DNA polymerase only in epithelial cells.

entry of genome into the nucleus followed by histone packaging in epithelial cells only.

silencing of the latent gene program in neurons due to altered histone modifications.