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A transcription factor protein

An incompletely spliced mRNA

mRNA encoding a transcription factor

Jack has a mutation in one copy of a gene called SOX10, and the other copy of SOX10 on the homologous chromosome is normal. The abnormal (mutant) SOX10 gene does not produce functional protein. He has a condition called Waardenburg-Shah syndrome that is caused by the loss-of-function mutation in SOX10. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

Jack is heterozygous for the mutation

Jack is homozygous for the mutation

Jack is wild type for SOX10

Jack’s cells do not produce any SOX10 protein

Which of the following model organisms would be the best choice for studying breast cancer development from normal mammary tissue?

Choose the best answer.

Drosophila

Mouse

Chicken

zebrafish

The image below shows a gastrulating embryo of the invertebrate, Amphioxus.

What is the name given to the layer of cells denoted by the arrow? Choose the CORRECT answer.

Mesoderm

Inner cell mass

Ectoderm

Endoderm

The image below shows an early chicken embryo during cleavage.

Which type of cleavage is depicted? Choose the CORRECT answer

Meroblastic, telolecithal

Meroblastic, mesolecithal

Hobolastic, centrolecithal

Holoblastic, isolecithal

Which of the following is true regarding the use of C. elegans as a model organism? Select the CORRECT answer

Cells do not undergo apoptosis.

It is not useful for studies on aging, due to its short life cycle.

It cannot be used for behavioural studies.

All cell lineages have been mapped.

What is a result of alternative splicing? Choose the CORRECT answer.

Segments of DNA can move around within the genome.

Messenger mRNA expression is regulated at the level of translation.

The same gene can code for several different proteins.

Several different genes can code for the same protein.

The regulation of gene expression occurs at a number of levels during the production of a protein.

Match each of the following methods of gene regulation in animals with the most appropriate mechanism by which it works (each can be used only once).

How do transcription factors affect gene expression?

How can morpholinos affect gene expression?

How do splice acceptor and splice donor sites affect gene expression?

How do shRNAs typically affect mammalian gene expression?

To stimulate transcription, enhancer sequences:

must to be within a few hundred base pairs of the gene they enhance.

will not function if they are moved experimentally.

must to be within a few base pairs of the gene they enhance.

can be tens of thousands of base pairs from the gene they enhance.

Which statement below regarding gene function is CORRECT?

Introns encode proteins and are retained in mRNA, whereas exons are removed from mRNA.

Exons and introns are typically translated into protein.

Only exons are present in genes (DNA), while both introns and exons are present in the mRNA produced from the gene.

Exons are the protein-coding component, while introns are spliced out of RNA as it is processed into mRNA.