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BMS3031 - Molecular mechanisms of disease - S1 2026
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A new oral anticoagulant has recently received regulatory approval for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Within the first year of clinical use, clinicians reported that patients with peripheral arterial disease experienced unexpected improvements in their symptoms while taking the medication. This effect was not observed during earlier clinical trials.
What is the most likely reason for this potential new indication being observed during post-marketing surveillance?
EL-12 is an active drug and metabolised by CYP2C19. 26% of the population are classified as CYP2C19 poor metabolisers.
In these patients, the standard dose of EL-12 is likely to result in:
A new antidepressant is undergoing clinical development. At one stage, the study is designed to determine whether the drug has a clinically meaningful effect compared with no active treatment, while minimising bias and placebo response in patients with diagnosed depression.
Which study feature is most essential at this stage of development?
During the COVID-19 pandemic, several vaccines were developed and made available to the public in record time. Despite the usual lengthy process for vaccine development, these vaccines completed pre-clinical and clinical testing, and received regulatory approval much faster than typical.
Which factor most plausibly explains how this accelerated development was achieved?
Which statement best reflects the data shown below?
* 1-Mo = 1 month, 18-Mo = 18 months
The figure below shows the effect of age on the percentage of embryo transfers that result in live births for assisted reproduction transfers (ART) using fresh embryos from a woman’s own vs donor eggs. Which of the following conclusions can be made based on this data?
Which statement best reflects the data shown below?
* 1-Mo = 1 month, 18-Mo = 18 months
Successful fertilization and early embryonic development require high levels of metabolic activity within the oocyte. These processes depend on ATP availability to support spindle formation, chromosome segregation, and early cell divisions. Mitochondrial performance is therefore a key determinant of oocyte quality.
Which finding best explains why mitochondrial
function is essential for oocyte competence and early development?
Oocyte ageing is associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy, contributing to infertility and pregnancy loss in older females. Chromosomal cohesion during meiosis is critical for accurate segregation, and this process relies on proteins such as cohesin and separase.
Which mechanistic scenario best explains why
ageing oocytes are more prone to aneuploidy?
Female reproductive ageing is associated with a marked increase in meiotic errors, leading to chromosomal aneuploidy in oocytes. Proper chromosome segregation during meiosis depends on the maintenance of cohesion between chromatids over extended periods, a process that can become compromised with age. Separase and cohesin are required for effective chromosomal segregation.
Which mechanism best accounts for the increased
incidence of aneuploidy in oocytes from older females?