Oocytes from old mice (18-Mo) have the same rate of chromosome misalignment as young mice

BGP-15 significantly improves the percentage of young oocytes (1-Mo) with aligned chromosomes

MitoQ and BGP-15 protect oocytes from old mice from chromosome misalignment

In eggs from old mice (18-Mo), a combination of MitoQ and BGP-15 is significantly better than either BGP-15 or MitoQ alone

The 18-Mo mice who received both MitoQ & BGP-15, provided enhanced protection against chromosomal misalignment than either treatment on its own

Oocytes from old mice (18-Mo) have the same rate of chromosome misalignment as young mice

Treatment with either MitoQ or BGP-15 reduces chromosomal misalignment in old mice (18-MO)

MitoQ significantly improves the percentage of young oocytes (1-Mo) with aligned chromosomes

Both maternal and paternal factors influence ART outcomes with age

Success of ART is dependent on the maternal hormonal environment

Donor eggs should always be used for ART treatment

Oocyte quality decreases with age

Fertility only declines after the age of 30

Fertility is inversely proportional to the rate of spontaneous abortion

Fertility is proportional to the rate of spontaneous abortion

Fertility only declines after the age of 35

Fertility only declines after the age of 30

Fertility is inversely proportional to the rate of spontaneous abortion

Fertility is proportional to the rate of spontaneous abortion

Fertility only declines after the age of 35

FGR

fetuses treated with melatonin show reduced oxidative stress and inflammation,

and less neuronal injury, compared with untreated FGR fetuses

FGR

fetuses treated with melatonin show reduced cerebral activity, conserving

energy, but inflammation remain elevated

FGR

fetuses treated with melatonin show increased non-neuronal cell proliferation

Melatonin-treated

FGR fetuses show lower levels of oxidative damage and inflammatory

Melatonin

treatment suppresses brain activity which aids in reducing inflammation

Melatonin

increases cerebral perfusion but does not reduce oxidative stress or cell

injury

Melatonin

increases glial cell numbers which assists in lowering neuronal damage

Increased

blood flow to the brain and heart, reduced flow to kidneys, liver, and limbs, while

maintaining oxygen delivery to the brain but slower growth of peripheral

tissues

Increased

blood flow to peripheral organs at the expense of the brain, preserving body

mass but risking neurological injury

Blood

flow is modestly increased to the brain but also increased to peripheral

organs, resulting in less pronounced redistribution and only partial protection

of the brain

Uniformly

reduced blood flow to all organs, showing global adaptation to hypoxia without

preferential organ protection

Reduced

maternal oxygen levels explains placental hypoxia without any role for

placental blood flow or signalling mechanisms

Hypoxia

acts solely by producing ROS, which directly inhibit fetal cell division

without placental mediation

Excess

ROS arise independently and subsequently reduce placental oxygen delivery

Impaired

placental perfusion causes hypoxia that activates stress signalling pathways

and increases ROS production