The reaction is endothermic

The reaction is neither endothermic nor exothermic

The reaction is exothermic

The reaction is both endothermic and exothermic

Frictional forces between subtendons are irrelevant to tendon pathology and aging.

 Increased sliding between subtendons directly causes ossification of the Achilles in late adulthood.

Reduced sliding and increased friction between subtendons lead to non-uniform stress distribution, decreased adaptability to load, and a higher incidence of tendinopathy or acute rupture in older adults.

Greater interfascicular mobility enhances elastic recoil but increases rupture risk in older tendons.

An endurance trained athlete and non-trained healthy person have the same muscle mass

An endurance trained athlete has more reliance on glycolysis than a non-trained healthy person

There is a greater reliance on hexokinase enzyme activity in an endurance trained athlete compared to a non-trained healthy person

An endurance trained athlete has more mitochondria available for oxygen utilisation than a non-trained healthy person

Binding of effector molecules onto both the substrate and enzyme

Binding of effector molecules onto the active site of the enzyme

Binding of effector molecules onto sites other than the active site of the enzyme

Binding of effector molecules onto the substrate

Fluid shear is the sole driver of mechanotransduction in tendons; tensile and compressive strain have no adaptive outcome.

Shear, tensile, and compressive forces trigger cellular signalling in tenocytes and the interfascicular matrix, leading to matrix remodelling and adaptation—particularly if peak strain and time under tension exceed physiological thresholds over repeated bouts.

Only tensile forces are significant for tendon adaptation since tenocyte mechanosensitivity does not respond to compressive or shear forces.

All force types act exclusively on the solid collagen phase, stimulating immediate hypertrophy with no signalling to the extracellular matrix.

Myofibril

Actin

Z disc

Myosin

46

54

58

62

Correlation

One way ANOVA

Paired t-test

Unpaired t-test

55

60

45

48

the slope of the regression line will be close to one

there is a strong linear relationship between the two variables

it is impossible to tell if there is a relationship between the two variables

there is no relationship between the two variables