arises from the progression of relapse-remitting MS.

is the most severe form of MS.

follows from primary progressive MS.

is characterised by periods of no disease activity.

is an immunomodulator that destroys all B and T lymphocytes.

is a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 and promotes B lymphocyte apoptosis.

should only be used in combination with plasmapheresis.

use should be avoided in patients with JC virus.

are a substrate for dopa decarboxylase in the periphery.

can be associated with hypertension, due to their peripheral effects.

are associated with little dyskinesia, but can be associated with the development of impulsive behaviours.

need to be administered with COMT inhibitors, in order to preserve their levels in the CNS.

forcing T cells to be retained in lymph

preventing lymphocytes from crossing the blood-brain barrier

triggering apoptosis of neutrophils

inducing B cell lysis

nataluzimab

corticosteroids

plasmapheresis

ocrelizumab

will stabilise his current cognitive state for approximately one year.

is a form of treatment that only addresses symptoms, and not the underlying pathology.

is usually only used in end-stage Alzheimer's disease. 

is the only treatment that has been shown to reverse symptoms.

Solanezumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds specifically to soluble amyloid β and promotes amyloid β clearance from the brain through the blood.

Solanezumab is an active form of immunisation.

Its use in a clinical trial was stopped because of aseptic meningoencephalitis.

It is a new vaccine that selectively targets B cell epitopes.

benzodiazepines (eg. midazolam)

GABA transaminase inhibitors (eg. vigabatrin)

NMDA receptor channel blockers (eg. ketamine)

GAT-1 inhibitors (eg. tiagabine)

needs to be taken multiple times each day.

efficacy persists, even as Parkinson's disease progresses.

does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier.

treatment is frequently associated with bradykinesia.