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Bahasa Inggris XII TKJ 1&3, XII RPL 1,2&4, XII PSPT 1&2
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Papua Island Papua Island, shared between Papua New Guinea to the east and Indonesia's Papua provinces to the west, boasts an extraordinary cultural tapestry shaped by its Melanesian peoples. In Papua New Guinea, home to over 800 languages and countless tribes, traditions emphasize communal festivals known as sing-sings, where participants don elaborate feather headdresses, grass skirts, body paint, and shell ornaments to perform rhythmic dances and songs that recount ancestral stories, mark rites of passage, and strengthen tribal alliances. Customs also include intricate Sepik River wood carvings depicting spirits and ancestors, as well as Malagan masks from New Ireland used in elaborate mortuary rituals to honor the deceased and ensure their spirits' peaceful transition. These practices reflect a deep connection to nature, spirituality, and social harmony, often involving pig feasts and exchange systems like the moka, where wealth is redistributed to maintain balance within communities. In the western half, West Papua under Indonesian administration hosts over 250 indigenous tribes with unique languages and customs rooted in animism and environmental stewardship. Traditional attire varies, with men in some groups wearing the koteka (penis gourd) made from gourds, and women adorning grass or fiber skirts alongside bead necklaces and feather accessories. The Asmat people are renowned for their bis poles-tall, carved memorials symbolizing ancestors-and shield carvings used in headhunting rituals of the past, now preserved as cultural art. The Dani tribe in the Baliem Valley upholds traditions like earth-oven cooking for feasts, mummification of revered leaders using smoke and herbs, and simulated tribal wars during festivals to resolve disputes peacefully. Across the island, customs highlight respect for elders, sustainable hunting and gathering, and vibrant oral histories passed through generations, blending isolation-forged uniqueness with shared Melanesian values of kinship and ritual.Which cultural artifacts are associated with honoring ancestors or the deceased?
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BALI ISLAND Balinese culture is deeply rooted in Agama Hindu Dharma, a unique form of Hinduism that blends elements of ancestor worship, animism, and Buddhism, making Bali known as the "Island of the Gods." This spirituality influences every facet of daily life, where locals prepare and place colorful offerings called canang sari-small palm-leaf baskets filled with flowers, rice, incense, and sometimes biscuits or cigarettes-in homes, businesses, streets, and temples to express gratitude to the gods and maintain balance. The core philosophy of Tri Hita Karana promotes harmony among humans (pawongan), the divine (parhyangan), and nature (palemahan), seen in rituals like Tumpek Wariga for blessing plants and Tumpek Kandang for animals. Communities are structured around banjars (village councils) and subak (irrigation cooperatives), emphasizing gotong royong, or mutual cooperation, in tasks such as building temples or organizing ceremonies. Life-cycle rituals under Manusa Yadnya, including otonan (birthdays), tooth-filing to curb negative traits, and ngaben (cremations) to release the soul, mark key transitions and ensure spiritual purity. Balinese arts are vibrant and spiritually charged, featuring traditional dances like the graceful Legong performed by young girls, the dramatic Barong depicting good versus evil, and the rhythmic Kecak "monkey chant" based on the Ramayana epic, all accompanied by gamelan orchestras of gongs, metallophones, drums, and flutes that provide the island's sonic backdrop. Festivals occur frequently, including Nyepi (Day of Silence) for self-reflection with fasting and no activity, Galungan and Kuningan celebrating dharma's triumph over adharma with decorated penjor bamboo poles and ancestral honors, Melasti beach purifications, and odalan temple anniversaries filled with music, dance, and offerings. Etiquette emphasizes respect and modesty: greet with "Om Swastiastu" and prayer hands, use the right hand for exchanges (as the left is considered unclean), avoid pointing with fingers or feet, remove shoes before entering homes or temples, dress modestly (covering knees and shoulders in sacred sites), refrain from public displays of affection, and maintain composure to preserve social harmony and "face." Arts like wayang kulit shadow puppets and wood carvings further enrich cultural expression, often sold in markets like Ubud.What is the primary religion practiced in Bali, and how does it differ from standard Hinduism?
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Papua Island Papua Island, shared between Papua New Guinea to the east and Indonesia's Papua provinces to the west, boasts an extraordinary cultural tapestry shaped by its Melanesian peoples. In Papua New Guinea, home to over 800 languages and countless tribes, traditions emphasize communal festivals known as sing-sings, where participants don elaborate feather headdresses, grass skirts, body paint, and shell ornaments to perform rhythmic dances and songs that recount ancestral stories, mark rites of passage, and strengthen tribal alliances. Customs also include intricate Sepik River wood carvings depicting spirits and ancestors, as well as Malagan masks from New Ireland used in elaborate mortuary rituals to honor the deceased and ensure their spirits' peaceful transition. These practices reflect a deep connection to nature, spirituality, and social harmony, often involving pig feasts and exchange systems like the moka, where wealth is redistributed to maintain balance within communities. In the western half, West Papua under Indonesian administration hosts over 250 indigenous tribes with unique languages and customs rooted in animism and environmental stewardship. Traditional attire varies, with men in some groups wearing the koteka (penis gourd) made from gourds, and women adorning grass or fiber skirts alongside bead necklaces and feather accessories. The Asmat people are renowned for their bis poles-tall, carved memorials symbolizing ancestors-and shield carvings used in headhunting rituals of the past, now preserved as cultural art. The Dani tribe in the Baliem Valley upholds traditions like earth-oven cooking for feasts, mummification of revered leaders using smoke and herbs, and simulated tribal wars during festivals to resolve disputes peacefully. Across the island, customs highlight respect for elders, sustainable hunting and gathering, and vibrant oral histories passed through generations, blending isolation-forged uniqueness with shared Melanesian values of kinship and ritual.Which of the following are examples of traditional festivals or gatherings mentioned in the paragraphs?
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BALI ISLAND Balinese culture is deeply rooted in Agama Hindu Dharma, a unique form of Hinduism that blends elements of ancestor worship, animism, and Buddhism, making Bali known as the "Island of the Gods." This spirituality influences every facet of daily life, where locals prepare and place colorful offerings called canang sari-small palm-leaf baskets filled with flowers, rice, incense, and sometimes biscuits or cigarettes-in homes, businesses, streets, and temples to express gratitude to the gods and maintain balance. The core philosophy of Tri Hita Karana promotes harmony among humans (pawongan), the divine (parhyangan), and nature (palemahan), seen in rituals like Tumpek Wariga for blessing plants and Tumpek Kandang for animals. Communities are structured around banjars (village councils) and subak (irrigation cooperatives), emphasizing gotong royong, or mutual cooperation, in tasks such as building temples or organizing ceremonies. Life-cycle rituals under Manusa Yadnya, including otonan (birthdays), tooth-filing to curb negative traits, and ngaben (cremations) to release the soul, mark key transitions and ensure spiritual purity. Balinese arts are vibrant and spiritually charged, featuring traditional dances like the graceful Legong performed by young girls, the dramatic Barong depicting good versus evil, and the rhythmic Kecak "monkey chant" based on the Ramayana epic, all accompanied by gamelan orchestras of gongs, metallophones, drums, and flutes that provide the island's sonic backdrop. Festivals occur frequently, including Nyepi (Day of Silence) for self-reflection with fasting and no activity, Galungan and Kuningan celebrating dharma's triumph over adharma with decorated penjor bamboo poles and ancestral honors, Melasti beach purifications, and odalan temple anniversaries filled with music, dance, and offerings. Etiquette emphasizes respect and modesty: greet with "Om Swastiastu" and prayer hands, use the right hand for exchanges (as the left is considered unclean), avoid pointing with fingers or feet, remove shoes before entering homes or temples, dress modestly (covering knees and shoulders in sacred sites), refrain from public displays of affection, and maintain composure to preserve social harmony and "face." Arts like wayang kulit shadow puppets and wood carvings further enrich cultural expression, often sold in markets like Ubud.What is Nyepi, and what does it involve?
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BALI ISLAND Balinese culture is deeply rooted in Agama Hindu Dharma, a unique form of Hinduism that blends elements of ancestor worship, animism, and Buddhism, making Bali known as the "Island of the Gods." This spirituality influences every facet of daily life, where locals prepare and place colorful offerings called canang sari-small palm-leaf baskets filled with flowers, rice, incense, and sometimes biscuits or cigarettes-in homes, businesses, streets, and temples to express gratitude to the gods and maintain balance. The core philosophy of Tri Hita Karana promotes harmony among humans (pawongan), the divine (parhyangan), and nature (palemahan), seen in rituals like Tumpek Wariga for blessing plants and Tumpek Kandang for animals. Communities are structured around banjars (village councils) and subak (irrigation cooperatives), emphasizing gotong royong, or mutual cooperation, in tasks such as building temples or organizing ceremonies. Life-cycle rituals under Manusa Yadnya, including otonan (birthdays), tooth-filing to curb negative traits, and ngaben (cremations) to release the soul, mark key transitions and ensure spiritual purity. Balinese arts are vibrant and spiritually charged, featuring traditional dances like the graceful Legong performed by young girls, the dramatic Barong depicting good versus evil, and the rhythmic Kecak "monkey chant" based on the Ramayana epic, all accompanied by gamelan orchestras of gongs, metallophones, drums, and flutes that provide the island's sonic backdrop. Festivals occur frequently, including Nyepi (Day of Silence) for self-reflection with fasting and no activity, Galungan and Kuningan celebrating dharma's triumph over adharma with decorated penjor bamboo poles and ancestral honors, Melasti beach purifications, and odalan temple anniversaries filled with music, dance, and offerings. Etiquette emphasizes respect and modesty: greet with "Om Swastiastu" and prayer hands, use the right hand for exchanges (as the left is considered unclean), avoid pointing with fingers or feet, remove shoes before entering homes or temples, dress modestly (covering knees and shoulders in sacred sites), refrain from public displays of affection, and maintain composure to preserve social harmony and "face." Arts like wayang kulit shadow puppets and wood carvings further enrich cultural expression, often sold in markets like Ubud.According to Balinese etiquette, why should one avoid using the left hand for giving or receiving items?
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BALI ISLAND Balinese culture is deeply rooted in Agama Hindu Dharma, a unique form of Hinduism that blends elements of ancestor worship, animism, and Buddhism, making Bali known as the "Island of the Gods." This spirituality influences every facet of daily life, where locals prepare and place colorful offerings called canang sari-small palm-leaf baskets filled with flowers, rice, incense, and sometimes biscuits or cigarettes-in homes, businesses, streets, and temples to express gratitude to the gods and maintain balance. The core philosophy of Tri Hita Karana promotes harmony among humans (pawongan), the divine (parhyangan), and nature (palemahan), seen in rituals like Tumpek Wariga for blessing plants and Tumpek Kandang for animals. Communities are structured around banjars (village councils) and subak (irrigation cooperatives), emphasizing gotong royong, or mutual cooperation, in tasks such as building temples or organizing ceremonies. Life-cycle rituals under Manusa Yadnya, including otonan (birthdays), tooth-filing to curb negative traits, and ngaben (cremations) to release the soul, mark key transitions and ensure spiritual purity. Balinese arts are vibrant and spiritually charged, featuring traditional dances like the graceful Legong performed by young girls, the dramatic Barong depicting good versus evil, and the rhythmic Kecak "monkey chant" based on the Ramayana epic, all accompanied by gamelan orchestras of gongs, metallophones, drums, and flutes that provide the island's sonic backdrop. Festivals occur frequently, including Nyepi (Day of Silence) for self-reflection with fasting and no activity, Galungan and Kuningan celebrating dharma's triumph over adharma with decorated penjor bamboo poles and ancestral honors, Melasti beach purifications, and odalan temple anniversaries filled with music, dance, and offerings. Etiquette emphasizes respect and modesty: greet with "Om Swastiastu" and prayer hands, use the right hand for exchanges (as the left is considered unclean), avoid pointing with fingers or feet, remove shoes before entering homes or temples, dress modestly (covering knees and shoulders in sacred sites), refrain from public displays of affection, and maintain composure to preserve social harmony and "face." Arts like wayang kulit shadow puppets and wood carvings further enrich cultural expression, often sold in markets like Ubud.Which philosophy guides Balinese culture to promote harmony among humans, the divine, and nature?
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Papua Island Papua Island, shared between Papua New Guinea to the east and Indonesia's Papua provinces to the west, boasts an extraordinary cultural tapestry shaped by its Melanesian peoples. In Papua New Guinea, home to over 800 languages and countless tribes, traditions emphasize communal festivals known as sing-sings, where participants don elaborate feather headdresses, grass skirts, body paint, and shell ornaments to perform rhythmic dances and songs that recount ancestral stories, mark rites of passage, and strengthen tribal alliances. Customs also include intricate Sepik River wood carvings depicting spirits and ancestors, as well as Malagan masks from New Ireland used in elaborate mortuary rituals to honor the deceased and ensure their spirits' peaceful transition. These practices reflect a deep connection to nature, spirituality, and social harmony, often involving pig feasts and exchange systems like the moka, where wealth is redistributed to maintain balance within communities. In the western half, West Papua under Indonesian administration hosts over 250 indigenous tribes with unique languages and customs rooted in animism and environmental stewardship. Traditional attire varies, with men in some groups wearing the koteka (penis gourd) made from gourds, and women adorning grass or fiber skirts alongside bead necklaces and feather accessories. The Asmat people are renowned for their bis poles-tall, carved memorials symbolizing ancestors-and shield carvings used in headhunting rituals of the past, now preserved as cultural art. The Dani tribe in the Baliem Valley upholds traditions like earth-oven cooking for feasts, mummification of revered leaders using smoke and herbs, and simulated tribal wars during festivals to resolve disputes peacefully. Across the island, customs highlight respect for elders, sustainable hunting and gathering, and vibrant oral histories passed through generations, blending isolation-forged uniqueness with shared Melanesian values of kinship and ritual.Which elements are shared across both sides of Papua Island according to the paragraphs?
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Papua Island Papua Island, shared between Papua New Guinea to the east and Indonesia's Papua provinces to the west, boasts an extraordinary cultural tapestry shaped by its Melanesian peoples. In Papua New Guinea, home to over 800 languages and countless tribes, traditions emphasize communal festivals known as sing-sings, where participants don elaborate feather headdresses, grass skirts, body paint, and shell ornaments to perform rhythmic dances and songs that recount ancestral stories, mark rites of passage, and strengthen tribal alliances. Customs also include intricate Sepik River wood carvings depicting spirits and ancestors, as well as Malagan masks from New Ireland used in elaborate mortuary rituals to honor the deceased and ensure their spirits' peaceful transition. These practices reflect a deep connection to nature, spirituality, and social harmony, often involving pig feasts and exchange systems like the moka, where wealth is redistributed to maintain balance within communities. In the western half, West Papua under Indonesian administration hosts over 250 indigenous tribes with unique languages and customs rooted in animism and environmental stewardship. Traditional attire varies, with men in some groups wearing the koteka (penis gourd) made from gourds, and women adorning grass or fiber skirts alongside bead necklaces and feather accessories. The Asmat people are renowned for their bis poles-tall, carved memorials symbolizing ancestors-and shield carvings used in headhunting rituals of the past, now preserved as cultural art. The Dani tribe in the Baliem Valley upholds traditions like earth-oven cooking for feasts, mummification of revered leaders using smoke and herbs, and simulated tribal wars during festivals to resolve disputes peacefully. Across the island, customs highlight respect for elders, sustainable hunting and gathering, and vibrant oral histories passed through generations, blending isolation-forged uniqueness with shared Melanesian values of kinship and ritual.Which items are described as traditional attire in Papua New Guinea?
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BALI ISLAND Balinese culture is deeply rooted in Agama Hindu Dharma, a unique form of Hinduism that blends elements of ancestor worship, animism, and Buddhism, making Bali known as the "Island of the Gods." This spirituality influences every facet of daily life, where locals prepare and place colorful offerings called canang sari-small palm-leaf baskets filled with flowers, rice, incense, and sometimes biscuits or cigarettes-in homes, businesses, streets, and temples to express gratitude to the gods and maintain balance. The core philosophy of Tri Hita Karana promotes harmony among humans (pawongan), the divine (parhyangan), and nature (palemahan), seen in rituals like Tumpek Wariga for blessing plants and Tumpek Kandang for animals. Communities are structured around banjars (village councils) and subak (irrigation cooperatives), emphasizing gotong royong, or mutual cooperation, in tasks such as building temples or organizing ceremonies. Life-cycle rituals under Manusa Yadnya, including otonan (birthdays), tooth-filing to curb negative traits, and ngaben (cremations) to release the soul, mark key transitions and ensure spiritual purity. Balinese arts are vibrant and spiritually charged, featuring traditional dances like the graceful Legong performed by young girls, the dramatic Barong depicting good versus evil, and the rhythmic Kecak "monkey chant" based on the Ramayana epic, all accompanied by gamelan orchestras of gongs, metallophones, drums, and flutes that provide the island's sonic backdrop. Festivals occur frequently, including Nyepi (Day of Silence) for self-reflection with fasting and no activity, Galungan and Kuningan celebrating dharma's triumph over adharma with decorated penjor bamboo poles and ancestral honors, Melasti beach purifications, and odalan temple anniversaries filled with music, dance, and offerings. Etiquette emphasizes respect and modesty: greet with "Om Swastiastu" and prayer hands, use the right hand for exchanges (as the left is considered unclean), avoid pointing with fingers or feet, remove shoes before entering homes or temples, dress modestly (covering knees and shoulders in sacred sites), refrain from public displays of affection, and maintain composure to preserve social harmony and "face." Arts like wayang kulit shadow puppets and wood carvings further enrich cultural expression, often sold in markets like Ubud.What are canang sari, and what is their purpose in Balinese daily life?
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Papua Island Papua Island, shared between Papua New Guinea to the east and Indonesia's Papua provinces to the west, boasts an extraordinary cultural tapestry shaped by its Melanesian peoples. In Papua New Guinea, home to over 800 languages and countless tribes, traditions emphasize communal festivals known as sing-sings, where participants don elaborate feather headdresses, grass skirts, body paint, and shell ornaments to perform rhythmic dances and songs that recount ancestral stories, mark rites of passage, and strengthen tribal alliances. Customs also include intricate Sepik River wood carvings depicting spirits and ancestors, as well as Malagan masks from New Ireland used in elaborate mortuary rituals to honor the deceased and ensure their spirits' peaceful transition. These practices reflect a deep connection to nature, spirituality, and social harmony, often involving pig feasts and exchange systems like the moka, where wealth is redistributed to maintain balance within communities. In the western half, West Papua under Indonesian administration hosts over 250 indigenous tribes with unique languages and customs rooted in animism and environmental stewardship. Traditional attire varies, with men in some groups wearing the koteka (penis gourd) made from gourds, and women adorning grass or fiber skirts alongside bead necklaces and feather accessories. The Asmat people are renowned for their bis poles-tall, carved memorials symbolizing ancestors-and shield carvings used in headhunting rituals of the past, now preserved as cultural art. The Dani tribe in the Baliem Valley upholds traditions like earth-oven cooking for feasts, mummification of revered leaders using smoke and herbs, and simulated tribal wars during festivals to resolve disputes peacefully. Across the island, customs highlight respect for elders, sustainable hunting and gathering, and vibrant oral histories passed through generations, blending isolation-forged uniqueness with shared Melanesian values of kinship and ritual.Which practices reflect a connection to nature and spirituality in West Papua?
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