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Metabolism of bones; mineralization. (GM)
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Hydrogen carbonate ions are often part of hydroxyapatite crystals.
Osteocytes affect ion migration and regulate mineralization.
For an ideal crystal in mineralized tissues, the ratio between calcium and phosphorus should be 2 : 3.
Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol act synergistically to lower blood phosphate levels.
Growth hormone directly affects bone growth and remodeling.
Activation of osteoclasts is influenced by parathyroid hormone and some interleukins.
The activity of 25-hydroxylase is increased by parathyroid hormone.
Osteocalcin in its non-carboxylated form shows hormonal activity.
Calcitonin and estrogens induce inhibition of osteoclast activity.
The presence of desmosin in the urine indicates the breakdown of collagen.