A 42-year-old patient

comes to his dentist for a regular check-up. The patient suffers from

periodontitis for a long time, which is an inflammatory disease of the

supporting apparatus of the teeth, which consists of the gums, periodontal

ligaments, cementum, and the alveolar process of the bone. The cause is the activity

of microorganisms, their multiplication promotes dental plaque and tartar.

Periodontal ligaments made of dense connective tissue fix the tooth to the gum

or alveolus. Their quality can be significantly impaired even by the lack of

one vitamin. Which one?

A 38-year-old patient

presents with a painful swelling of the submandibular gland on the left side.

Especially during meals, the gland is painful and produces a large amount of

saliva. During this, small stones are released from the duct. The cause of his

difficulties is the so-called sialolithiasis, i. e. the formation of salivary

stones. The most common cause is a change in the composition of saliva. The

viscosity of saliva increases, and a mucoprotein matrix is ​​formed, into which

inorganic material (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus salts) is subsequently

deposited and a stone is formed. Which parts of the submandibular gland are

involved in the production and composition of saliva?

An investigator

studying new drug delivery systems administers an aerosol containing 10 μm sized particles to a healthy subject via

a special mask. These particles are found to deposit

on the surface of the respiratory tract with a pseudostratified epithelium.

Which of the following mechanism is the most likely way of clearance of the

particulate matter in this subject?