A 29-year-old woman comes to

the doctor for repeated infections caused by Anaplasma (bacteria).

Unfortunately, this particular species is resistant to most antibiotics, so it

is necessary to prescribe an antibiotic from the tetracycline group. These

antibiotics have a high ability to build into the mineral component of newly

formed bone as well as tooth enamel and dentin, thereby damaging these hard

tissues. Given the properties of these antibiotics, what can prevent the use of

a drug from this group?

A 46-year-old woman fell on ice in winter and

broke her tibia. After an X-ray examination, it was decided to cast the limb.

After 2 weeks she presented for a check-up and tightening of the cast; after 8

weeks the cast was removed. During the healing process of the bone fracture, a

blood clot first appears filling the fracture. The clot is remodelled into a

non-specific granulation tissue. This tissue then forms a connective callus. In

the temporary connective tissue, both the fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage

differentiate. The connective tissue and cartilage are subsequently replaced by

bone. Which type of bone tissue appears first during the healing process?

Achondroplasia is an

autosomal dominant disease that leads to a disorder of endochondral

ossification. A typical picture is a disproportionate growth disorder. However,

the trunk is almost normal length, the limbs are very short. Another feature is

a brachycephalic skull (pear-shaped), a broad forehead, and supraorbital

arches. Which type of cartilage is the model for the newly formed bone?

A 12-year-old boy is at his GP for a routine preventive check-up. His

height seems unusual for his age, as he is 160 cm tall, which is significantly above average according to the growth charts. Examination of the growth (somatotropin)

hormone (HGH) level from the blood shows its elevated value. The boy is

therefore diagnosed with so-called gigantism caused by excessive secretion of

HGH from the pituitary gland. Which of the following conditions must be met for

excess HGH to manifest itself as gigantism, i.e. excessive growth of the entire

body? (illustrative figure – ossification)

A 16-year-old ski jumper was taken to hospital

after falling during a race. Among other things, he hit his head hard during

the fall and was unconscious for a while. He will therefore undergo a CT scan

of his head and neck at the hospital. This reveals a subdural haemorrhage,

which is caused by bleeding of the bridging veins, namely between the dura

mater and the arachnoidea. What connective tissue is the dura mater made of?

A 40-year-old female patient presents with mild

anemia and reticulocytosis (increased number of reticulocytes in the blood),

which worsens intermittently. In addition, splenomegaly and icterus (yellow

discoloration of the sclera and mucous membranes) are present during physical

examination. A blood smear was performed for these non-specific symptoms and it

was evident by looking at it that some of the erythrocytes lacked central

pallor. The diagnosis is hereditary spherocytosis, a genetic disease caused by

a defect in the gene for the structural proteins of the erythrocyte

cytoskeleton and membrane. The surface of the erythrocyte is reduced relative

to its internal volume, causing a change in shape from biconcave to

spherical. What are the names of the basic structural proteins of the

erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton?

A 67-year-old otherwise perfectly healthy woman

decides to work in her garden on a hot summer day. She spends several hours in

the garden in direct sunlight without any fluid intake. Suddenly she becomes

dizzy, falls down and loses consciousness. A few hours later, her neighbour

finds her and calls an ambulance, which takes her to hospital. Nothing serious

happened to the woman during the fall. The cause of the collapse was clearly

overheating accompanied by severe dehydration. To be sure and to rule out other

causes of the collapse, the patient's blood is taken and sent to the

laboratory. What's the hematocrit likely to be in this patient? (illustrative

figure – blood smear)

A 55-year-old former athlete develops severe

secondary knee arthritis as a result of repeated injuries and surgeries. The

condition is so severe and limits the man's normal life that he decides to

undergo total knee arthroplasty (knee replacement). All tissues are replaced,

including the menisci. Which description most closely matches the histological

composition of the meniscal tissue?

Due to family history, the

newborn underwent genetic tests and was diagnosed with osteopetrosis. It is a

rare disease that limits the function of osteoclasts. These do not fulfill

their function, and therefore immature bone tissue cannot remodel and cannot be

replaced by definitive lamellar bone. Although bones grow and enlarge, only

primary fibrillar bone tissue is formed. In addition, there is increased

mineralization of bone tissue. Which of the following statements will be true

about bone tissue in this disease?