A 3-year-old boy is

brought to the pediatrician. The parents are worried that the boy has started

falling unexpectedly when walking. Physical examination reveals muscle weakness

especially in the lower extremities. As muscular dystrophy is suspected here

based on history and other investigations, a biopsy of his skeletal muscle is

taken and sent to a pathologist. However, the pathologist's report states that

the sample contains only healthy muscle tissue. Which of the following

characteristics can be used to describe the specimen?

A 36-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because

of a 4-week history of worsening headache, nausea, and vomiting. The

headache is worse at night. A CT scan of the brain shows a mass of

tissue in the third ventricle. The patient undergoes surgical excision of this

structure. Pathologic examination of the surgical specimen confirms that

the tumor originates from special cells lining the ventricle. How are

these cells called?

A 24-year-old man who lives in Africa presents

with muscle weakness in his legs. His physical exam demonstrates muscle

weakness in all limbs, but his legs are most affected. Testing (polymerase

chain reaction, PCR) confirms poliovirus in his cerebrospinal fluid. Poliovirus

mainly affects second motor neurons of the corticospinal tract and, therefore,

will affect cells whose cell bodies are located in which of the following?

Match the correct histological type of muscle tissue with the microphoto.

A 2-day-old premature

newborn develops a severe form of neonatal jaundice, which unfortunately has a

serious complication, the so-called kernicterus. It is essentially damage of

the brain nuclei, especially the basal ganglia, by a high concentration of a

compound known as unconjugated bilirubin, which causes the aforementioned

jaundice. This condition is caused by the immaturity of the blood-brain

barrier, which is not yet able to fulfill its function as a barrier, and

bilirubin reaches the nervous tissue through it. In older children and adults,

this condition no longer occurs thanks to a mature and functional blood-brain

barrier. What parts make up this barrier?

A 30-year-old man is brought to the emergency

department 15 minutes after he fell off the

ladder. On arrival, he is unresponsive to verbal and painful stimuli. His pulse

is 70/min and his blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg. A CT scan of the head shows a fracture in the

anterior cranial fossa and a 1.5 cm laceration

in the left anterior frontal gyrus. Which of the following would be the most common cell type in the scar at the injured region of

the frontal lobe?

A 13-year-old boy is injured during a football

match and is taken to the hospital for stitches. During the game he fell and cut

himself on a piece of broken glass. The shard cut through the skin on the front

of his thigh and cut into the outer sheath surrounding the quadriceps femoris

muscle. What's this superficial covering of the muscle called?