55-year-old wo

man

with a history of chronic kidney disease comes

to the physician for a 2-month history of easy

fatigability. Physical examination shows subconjunctival pallor. Her hemoglobin

concentration is 80 g/l. Treatment with erythropoietin has been administered. A

peripheral blood smear is obtained one week after treatment. A photomicrograph

of the smear after specialized staining is shown. The prominent color of the intracellular structure in

some of the cells is most likely the result of staining which of the following?

A 31-year-old female patient presents to her GP

suffering from increasing fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion, and

weakness. During the physical examination, the physician notes marked pallor of

the skin and mucous membranes as well as tachycardia. From these symptoms, the

physician suspects anemia, so he takes the patient's blood and has a basic

blood count, among other things, done. The results are particularly

interesting: erythrocytes 2.9*10

55-year-old wo

man

with a history of chronic kidney disease comes

to the physician for a 2-month history of easy

fatigability. Physical examination shows subconjunctival pallor. Her hemoglobin

concentration is 80 g/l. Treatment with erythropoietin has been administered. A

peripheral blood smear is obtained one week after treatment. A photomicrograph

of the smear after specialized staining is shown. The prominent color of the intracellular structure in

some of the cells is most likely the result of staining which of the following?

A 40-year-old female patient presents with mild

anemia and reticulocytosis (increased number of reticulocytes in the blood),

which worsens intermittently. In addition, splenomegaly and icterus (yellow

discoloration of the sclera and mucous membranes) are present during physical

examination. A blood smear was performed for these non-specific symptoms and it

was evident by looking at it that some of the erythrocytes lacked central

pallor. The diagnosis is hereditary spherocytosis, a genetic disease caused by

a defect in the gene for the structural proteins of the erythrocyte

cytoskeleton and membrane. The surface of the erythrocyte is reduced relative

to its internal volume, causing a change in shape from biconcave to

spherical. What are the names of the basic structural proteins of the

erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton?

During successful resuscitation, a 68-year-old

female patient suffered fractures of several ribs. The extracellular matrix of

the hyaline cartilage, which connects the bony part of the rib to the sternum,

calcifies in older age (is encrusted with calcium salts). This makes the

cartilage less elastic and even brittle, making it more susceptible to

fractures. Which of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans is most abundant in the

extracellular matrix of cartilage?

A 12-year-old boy is at his GP for a routine preventive check-up. His

height seems unusual for his age, as he is 160 cm tall, which is significantly above average according to the growth charts. Examination of the growth (somatotropin)

hormone (HGH) level from the blood shows its elevated value. The boy is

therefore diagnosed with so-called gigantism caused by excessive secretion of

HGH from the pituitary gland. Which of the following conditions must be met for

excess HGH to manifest itself as gigantism, i.e. excessive growth of the entire

body? (illustrative figure – ossification)

The 69-year-old man's condition has deteriorated

greatly in the last few days. He feels very tired, faint, and weak. For the

third day, he still has a fever that is not responding to medication, but he

has no other symptoms of infection. He has developed small petechiae (spotty

bleeding) on his limbs and has had epistaxis (nosebleeds) several times. He is

now coming to the doctor because these symptoms are compounded by shortness of

breath and non-specific neurological symptoms. The GP immediately sends the

patient to the hospital, where the results of the blood count suggest a lot

about the patient's diagnosis. The patient has anaemia, thrombocytopenia and

leukopenia, but immature forms of white blood cells, called blasts, are present

in the blood. It is very likely that this patient has some form of acute

leukaemia. However, red bone marrow sampling is necessary to confirm and

establish a specific diagnosis. In which bones in adulthood does red bone marrow

remain and is it therefore possible to perform the necessary sampling from

them?

A student is reviewing formed blood elements before her exam. She has pictures of the following ones. Picture of which leukocyte does she need to get to learn a complete set of leukocytes?

A 60-year-old woman comes to the physician because of

a 4-week history of a severely itchy rash. She initially noticed

a small, itchy bump that gradually became a generalized rash. She reports that

the itching is extremely bothersome and often wakes her up at night. Yesterday,

she also noticed a lump in the left axilla. Examination shows diffuse reddening

of the skin with fine scales involving the neck, shoulders, back, abdomen,

and extremities. The nails appear normal. A peripheral blood smear shows

significant multiplication of one cell type which is shown in the picture. Which

of the following cell types is it?