A 31-year-old female patient presents to her GP

suffering from increasing fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion, and

weakness. During the physical examination, the physician notes marked pallor of

the skin and mucous membranes as well as tachycardia. From these symptoms, the

physician suspects anemia, so he takes the patient's blood and has a basic

blood count, among other things, done. The results are particularly

interesting: erythrocytes 2.9*10

A 55-year-old former athlete develops severe

secondary knee arthritis as a result of repeated injuries and surgeries. The

condition is so severe and limits the man's normal life that he decides to

undergo total knee arthroplasty (knee replacement). All tissues are replaced,

including the menisci. Which description most closely matches the histological

composition of the meniscal tissue?

A student is reviewing formed blood elements before her exam. She has pictures of the following ones. Picture of which leukocyte does she need to get to learn a complete set of leukocytes?

A

20-year-old female patient presents to her GP for the second time. Yesterday,

she was prescribed penicillin antibiotics for pneumonia. Unfortunately, by the

next day, an unpleasant, severely itchy rash in the form of small blisters had

popped up on most of her body. This is urticaria, which is a very common form

of allergic reaction. The patient is prescribed other antibiotics and

antihistamines to help relieve the unpleasant symptoms of urticaria. During

this allergic reaction, mediators such as heparin and histamine are shed from

mast cells.

Achondroplasia is an

autosomal dominant disease that leads to a disorder of endochondral

ossification. A typical picture is a disproportionate growth disorder. However,

the trunk is almost normal length, the limbs are very short. Another feature is

a brachycephalic skull (pear-shaped), a broad forehead, and supraorbital

arches. Which type of cartilage is the model for the newly formed bone?

A 16-year-old boy

fell and injured his knee during the school’s recent game. A physical

examination showed strong instability of the knee and an MRI examination

confirmed a rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. What type of tissue is

the anterior cruciate ligament?

The 69-year-old man's condition has deteriorated

greatly in the last few days. He feels very tired, faint, and weak. For the

third day, he still has a fever that is not responding to medication, but he

has no other symptoms of infection. He has developed small petechiae (spotty

bleeding) on his limbs and has had epistaxis (nosebleeds) several times. He is

now coming to the doctor because these symptoms are compounded by shortness of

breath and non-specific neurological symptoms. The GP immediately sends the

patient to the hospital, where the results of the blood count suggest a lot

about the patient's diagnosis. The patient has anaemia, thrombocytopenia and

leukopenia, but immature forms of white blood cells, called blasts, are present

in the blood. It is very likely that this patient has some form of acute

leukaemia. However, red bone marrow sampling is necessary to confirm and

establish a specific diagnosis. In which bones in adulthood does red bone marrow

remain and is it therefore possible to perform the necessary sampling from

them?

A 40-year-old female patient presents with mild

anemia and reticulocytosis (increased number of reticulocytes in the blood),

which worsens intermittently. In addition, splenomegaly and icterus (yellow

discoloration of the sclera and mucous membranes) are present during physical

examination. A blood smear was performed for these non-specific symptoms and it

was evident by looking at it that some of the erythrocytes lacked central

pallor. The diagnosis is hereditary spherocytosis, a genetic disease caused by

a defect in the gene for the structural proteins of the erythrocyte

cytoskeleton and membrane. The surface of the erythrocyte is reduced relative

to its internal volume, causing a change in shape from biconcave to

spherical. What are the names of the basic structural proteins of the

erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton?

A 20-year-old man sustained a twisting injury to his right knee while playing football. He underwent partial medial meniscectomy. Which of the following is true for the resected tissue?

A 40-year-old female patient presents with mild

anemia and reticulocytosis (increased number of reticulocytes in the blood),

which worsens intermittently. In addition, splenomegaly and icterus (yellow

discoloration of the sclera and mucous membranes) are present during physical

examination. A blood smear was performed for these non-specific symptoms and it

was evident by looking at it that some of the erythrocytes lacked central

pallor. The diagnosis is hereditary spherocytosis, a genetic disease caused by

a defect in the gene for the structural proteins of the erythrocyte

cytoskeleton and membrane. The surface of the erythrocyte is reduced relative

to its internal volume, causing a change in shape from biconcave to

spherical. What are the names of the basic structural proteins of the

erythrocyte membrane cytoskeleton?