During the acute operation of a patient after a

traffic accident and after repeated unsuccessful intubation, an acute coniotomy

is performed (cutting the conic ligament and securing the airway through this

opening in the larynx). This is subsequently replaced by a tracheotomy due to

the expected long-term artificial lung ventilation. During this procedure, 2-3

cartilaginous rings of the trachea are cut. What type of cartilage is here?

During successful resuscitation, a 68-year-old

female patient suffered fractures of several ribs. The extracellular matrix of

the hyaline cartilage, which connects the bony part of the rib to the sternum,

calcifies in older age (is encrusted with calcium salts). This makes the

cartilage less elastic and even brittle, making it more susceptible to

fractures. Which of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans is most abundant in the

extracellular matrix of cartilage?

A 67-year-old woman suffers from back and hip

pain. Physical examination reveals that she has a slightly stooped posture and

is slightly shorter than she was a few years ago. The patient is most likely

suffering from osteoporosis, which particularly affects postmenopausal women.

To confirm this, a bone density measurement, called densitometry, is performed

using X-rays. What should the measured bone density be to confirm osteoporosis?

A 7-week-old infant

is brought to the emergency department for severe hypothermia. Such a small

child does not have enough muscle mass to produce heat through muscle tremors,

and at the same time, his body has a large surface area causing easier heat

loss. Newborns and infants have a special way of producing heat through

non-shivering thermogenesis using brown adipose tissue. What does the basic

structure of this tissue look like?

A 67-year-old otherwise perfectly healthy woman

decides to work in her garden on a hot summer day. She spends several hours in

the garden in direct sunlight without any fluid intake. Suddenly she becomes

dizzy, falls down and loses consciousness. A few hours later, her neighbour

finds her and calls an ambulance, which takes her to hospital. Nothing serious

happened to the woman during the fall. The cause of the collapse was clearly

overheating accompanied by severe dehydration. To be sure and to rule out other

causes of the collapse, the patient's blood is taken and sent to the

laboratory. What's the hematocrit likely to be in this patient? (illustrative

figure – blood smear)

The family is at home on a Saturday afternoon

playing board games together. Already during the afternoon, two family members

have a headache and feel slightly dizzy. In the evening, the situation worsens

and the younger daughter starts vomiting and is noticeably sleepy. The parents

take her and her older sister, who is also unwell, to the emergency. There, it

is discovered that the cause is carbon monoxide poisoning, which the whole family

has poisoned during the afternoon and evening thanks to the broken tankless gas

water heater in the bathroom. Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin about 210

times more strongly than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin and occupying oxygen-binding sites. The result is tissue anoxia. Which of these parameters will be

reduced as a result of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Achondroplasia is an

autosomal dominant disease that leads to a disorder of endochondral

ossification. A typical picture is a disproportionate growth disorder. However,

the trunk is almost normal length, the limbs are very short. Another feature is

a brachycephalic skull (pear-shaped), a broad forehead, and supraorbital

arches. Which type of cartilage is the model for the newly formed bone?

During successful resuscitation, a 68-year-old

female patient suffered fractures of several ribs. The extracellular matrix of

the hyaline cartilage, which connects the bony part of the rib to the sternum,

calcifies in older age (is encrusted with calcium salts). This makes the

cartilage less elastic and even brittle, making it more susceptible to

fractures. Which of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans is most abundant in the

extracellular matrix of cartilage?

A 55-year-old former athlete develops severe

secondary knee arthritis as a result of repeated injuries and surgeries. The

condition is so severe and limits the man's normal life that he decides to

undergo total knee arthroplasty (knee replacement). All tissues are replaced,

including the menisci. Which description most closely matches the histological

composition of the meniscal tissue?

A 30-year-old man is brought to the emergency

department 15 minutes after he fell off the

ladder. On arrival, he is unresponsive to verbal and painful stimuli. His pulse

is 70/min and his blood pressure is 130/85 mmHg. A CT scan of the head shows a fracture in the

anterior cranial fossa and a 1.5 cm laceration

in the left anterior frontal gyrus. Which of the following would be the most common cell type in the scar at the injured region of

the frontal lobe?