A 7-year-old girl

presents with complaints of increased urination (polyuria), increased thirst

(polydipsia), and increased hunger (polyphagia). Despite the increase in hunger,

she has lost weight, and she complains at times of having difficulty seeing her

computer screen or the board at school. Tests reveal elevated glucose in her

urine (glucosuria), and she is diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The

glucosuria in this patient is due to an increased amount of glucose filtered by

the corpuscle due to elevated blood sugar, which overwhelms the ability of the

tubular system to recapture this glucose. The portion of the tubular system

that recaptures glucose from her ultrafiltrate (provisional urine) has which of

the following histologic characteristics?

Uterus

A 33-year-old woman is 32 weeks pregnant and

experiences premature amniotic fluid leakage and preterm labour. The woman is

given tocolytics (medication that inhibit uterine muscle activity). Their

administration stops or relieves the contractions of the uterus, thereby

delaying premature labour. The main benefit of tocolytic treatment is mainly

short-term, i.e. delaying preterm birth by two to seven days. The reason for

tocolytic treatment is to buy time for transport of the woman and baby to a

specialized centre and for time for administration of corticosteroids to induce

lung maturity of the fetus. One important factor in lung maturity is sufficient

surfactant production. Which lung cells produce it?

A 25-year-old man spent his childhood in a

remote, completely undeveloped region. He contracted cholera several times. Now

he would like to start a family with his partner, but unfortunately so far

unsuccessfully. Cholera can be one of the causes of infertility. The bacterium

Vibrio cholerae, which causes the disease, secretes the toxin, which interferes

with tight junctions and destroys the hematotesticular barrier.

The 63-year-old patient came

to the doctor due to a dry cough lasting for many months, accompanied by

shortness of breath on exertion and fatigue. In addition, he had recently lost

a lot of weight. On physical examination, crepitus (a specific listening

phenomenon - like unzipping a Velcro strap) is present in the lungs. Decreased

oxygen saturation is also measured. In addition, the patient has typical mallet-shaped

fingers with clubbing nails in the shape of an hour glass. To confirm the

diagnosis suspected by his physician, a HRCT of the lungs (high-resolution CT

scan) is required, followed by a lung biopsy and histological examination of

the sample taken. The examination confirm the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary

fibrosis. It is probably a uniform pathological response of lung tissue to

infectious and non-infectious agents, but the cause of this disease is unknown.

In this disease, fibrosis and thickening of the blood-air barrier occurs. What

physiologically forms the blood-air barrier?

An 8-year-old boy is

brought to the hospital by his parents because of a sudden pain in his testis

radiating to his groin. The pain appeared suddenly during a football match.

Physical examination shows swelling and redness. Torsion of the testis is

diagnosed. Testicular torsion is a superacute condition caused by the rotation

of the testis around the spermatic cord. When the blood vessels in the vas

deferens are completely blocked, ischemia and subsequent necrosis (death of

tissue) occur. The vascular supply reaches the testicle via the spermatic cord,

which also includes the ductus deferens. What is typical of its microscopic

structure?

A 48-year-old woman visits her physician

complaining of recurrent vaginal yeast infection. The doctor explains the

likelihood that the woman´s problem is acid-base imbalance. The normally low pH

in the vagina is maintained by which of the following?

A 67-year-old pensioner presents to his doctor

with a respiratory infection. The man has worked as a coal miner all his life,

and this lifelong exposure to coal dust has led to the development of a disease

called coal worker pneumoconiosis, which results in a chronic cough and

significant shortness of breath. Coal dust is normally phagocytosed by alveolar

macrophages, but the inorganic components are not degraded by the lysosomal apparatus

of macrophages. However, if their phagocytic capacity is exceeded and

pro-inflammatory factors and aggressive enzymes are released from macrophages,

inflammation develops. This can lead to fibrotic changes in the lungs. This

disease makes even mild respiratory infections in this patient more severe.

What is another name for alveolar macrophages?