An 8-year-old boy is

brought to the hospital by his parents because of a sudden pain in his testis

radiating to his groin. The pain appeared suddenly during a football match.

Physical examination shows swelling and redness. Torsion of the testis is

diagnosed. Testicular torsion is a superacute condition caused by the rotation

of the testis around the spermatic cord. When the blood vessels in the vas

deferens are completely blocked, ischemia and subsequent necrosis (death of

tissue) occur. The vascular supply reaches the testicle via the spermatic cord,

which also includes the ductus deferens. What is typical of its microscopic

structure?

A 70-year-old patient

is found to have a high level of PSA in his blood (a tumor marker for prostate

cancer). For this reason, a physical and ultrasound examination is performed,

which reveals a mass growing in the peripheral part of the prostate. It is,

therefore, necessary to carry out a biopsy, which is performed in a fan-shaped

way by taking approx. 10 samples from both lobes. All samples are sent to

pathology and evaluated. Only in 2 captured samples are found changes

corresponding to carcinoma. What will the remaining 8 samples obtained, where a

healthy part of the prostate is present, look like?

Biopsies from several organs were obtained from a 22-year-old human subject suffering from disorders of sexual differentiation. Which of the following organs might be a probable source for

the

figure?

A

51-year-old man with six children comes in for a vasectomy. In this outpatient

procedure, the lateral wall of the scrotum is opened under local anaesthesia and

a portion of the ductus deferens is excised. The free ends are clipped or

sutured and the scrotum is closed. As part of a normal histological description

of the removed portion, the report would certainly describe the presence of

what structure?

A young doctor, a surgeon, decides to go on a

mission to Africa after his professional exam. He encounters diagnoses and

procedures that are completely unusual for him. One of these diagnoses is

Fournier gangrene. This is a rare but very serious polymicrobial infection of

the male genital tract, leading to gangrene (secondary necrosis) of the soft

tissues of this area. It is a superficial process affecting the skin of the

scrotum or penis (testicles are not affected); the perineum and perianal area

may also be affected. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are given immediately. Urgent

surgical treatment with removal of all dead tissue is also necessary. In the

patient, the extent is so severe that all the skin and subcutaneous tissue of

the scrotum is removed. What tissue lies beneath these layers and forms the

testicular sheath?

A 35-year-old man notices a lump in the front of

his testicle. He says the lump is not painful. Biopsy reveals that it is a

malignant testicular tumour. The tumour is removed, including clear margins

that contain normal testicular tissue. Which of the following will be present

in the sample taken?

Rare Disease Day is observed every year on 28

February (or 29 in leap years). On this day, you will be given the task of

introducing the so-called Pasqualini syndrome or fertile eunuchoidism. This is

an isolated deficiency of luteinizing hormone (LH). The disorder can be caused

by a secretion disorder in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. So only LH

secretion is reduced. Your presentation goes well, but at the end one of the

audience members has an additional question for you. Which cells in the testes

are most affected by the lack of this hormone?

While creating new

slides for students, the histology laboratory technician mixed up the slides

with the placenta. However, half of the placenta samples are from the first

trimester of pregnancy, and the other part is from the third trimester. Which

characteristics will help the laboratory technician to distinguish the given

samples from each other?

A 25-year-old woman

complains of headaches, swelling, fatigue, and muscle weakness, sometimes

accompanied by a strange irregular heartbeat. An initial examination will

reveal high blood pressure, elevated sodium levels, and decreased potassium

levels in the blood. These symptoms are typical for a high level of aldosterone

in the body, which in this patient is caused by hyperplasia (increased cell numbers)

of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone leads to the reabsorption of sodium and

water in the tubules, and conversely increases the excretion of potassium. In

which part of the nephron is found receptors for aldosterone?