A 62-year-old man has

increased urinary frequency, including nocturia (getting up multiple times

during the night to urinate). A physical exam reveals an enlarged prostate,

which is obstructing his urinary flow (the prostate surrounds the urethra below

the bladder). The initial response of the bladder to this condition is

hypertrophy of the tissue that generates urinary force. Which tissue is

hypertrophied in this patient?

A girl was born to two healthy individuals.

Already during the newborn screening in the maternity ward, it is discovered

that the girl has a hearing impairment. Soon, a significant kidney disorder

begins to develop, which manifests itself as nephrotic syndrome, a condition in

which large amounts of protein enter the urine. Genetic tests reveal that the

cause of these problems is an autosomal recessive form of Alport syndrome. The

cause is a mutation in type IV collagen, which is part of the basement

membranes. This problem in this syndrome is the thinning of the basement

membranes, which do not perform their function properly. In the kidney, the

result is a disruption of the filtration barrier. What parts does the

filtration barrier normally consist of?

A 7-year-old boy develops swollen ankles, swollen eyes, and most

disturbing to his mother is that his urine is foamy. The patient is diagnosed

with minimal change disease, a common disorder affecting the renal corpuscles

in children. One of the characteristic histological features of this condition

is the absence of pedicels, the protrusions of cells that are part of the

filtration barrier. How do we call these cells?

A 53-year-old female has been undergoing dialysis for several months (=

a device that partially replaces kidney function). Recently, the patient has

been feeling increasingly tired and she is also quite pale. Due to the absence of certain kidney

functions, what should we be concerned about in this patient?

A 44-year-old man comes to the

physician because of a 6-month history of persistent cough with

yellow mucus and worsening shortness of breath. One year ago, he

had similar symptoms that lasted 4 months. He has smoked two

packs of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years. 

An investigator is studying the clearance of respiratory particles in

healthy non-smokers. An aerosol

containing radio-labeled particles that are small enough to reach the

alveoli is administered to the subjects via a special mask. A

gamma scanner is then used to evaluate the rate of particle clearance from the

lungs. The primary mechanism of particle clearance most likely involves which

of the following cell types?

An investigator is conducting a study to document the histological

changes in the respiratory passages of a chronic smoker. He obtains multiple

biopsy samples from the respiratory system of a previously

healthy 25-year-old man. Histological examination of one sample

shows simple cuboidal cells with club cells and with a surrounding layer of smooth muscle. 

An investigator

studying new drug delivery systems administers an aerosol containing 10 μm sized particles to a healthy subject via

a special mask. These particles are found to deposit

on the surface of the respiratory tract with a pseudostratified epithelium.

Which of the following mechanism is the most likely way of clearance of the

particulate matter in this subject?

A 15-year-old girl had her tongue pierced unprofessionally by her

friend. Unfortunately, this unprofessional execution led to an infection of the

tongue, as well as the sublingual salivary gland located nearby. Which of the

following describes the histological description of this gland?

During the stay in the maternity hospital, the

newborn has a problem. The meconium does not pass (meconium is the first

content of the intestine to be passed during the first 1-2 days). After

examination, the so-called Hirschsprung disease