It allows the atria to contract before the ventricles depolarize and contract.

It prevents heart murmurs (valve dysfunction).

It prevents the atria from contracting.

It decreases the pressure generated in the right side of the heart.

has a higher stroke volume than the right ventricle.

needs to generate more force to pump blood into the systemic circulation than the right ventricle does to pump blood into the pulmonary circulation.

has a smaller stroke volume than the right ventricle.

right ventricle

left atrium

right atrium

left ventricle

The atria are in systole.

The ventricular cardiac muscle is relaxed.

The AV valves are closed.

The ventricles are empty.

PO2 in the alveoli is less than PO2 in the pulmonary capillaries

PO2 in the alveoli is greater than PO2 in the pulmonary capillaries

PCO2 in the alveoli is greater than PCO2 in the pulmonary capillaries

PCO2 in the alveoli is greater than PO2 in the alveoli

Formation of scar tissue from fibrosis in the lungs.

Bronchodilation

Increased perfusion of alveoli

Decreased surface tension in the alveoli.

Some of the internal stimuli which can trigger digestive reflexes are pH, stretch/pressure, and osmolarity.

Short reflexes act locally within the enteric nervous system/GI tract.

The effectors of the digestive system are smooth muscle and glands.

Communication with the CNS is required to regulate GI activity.

as HCO3- ions dissolved in plasma

as dissolved CO2 gas in plasma

attached to globin part of hemoglobin

collect absorbed nutrients and toxins and take them to the liver for processing

carry toxins to the kidney for removal via the urinary system

distribute hormones systemically

return glucose to the systemic circulation when blood glucose is low

tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume

vital capacity