A 10-month-old infant is brought to the emergency department with vomiting and profuse watery diarrhea. The parents report decreased urine output, and the baby appears lethargic. Stool analysis is negative for blood and leukocytes.

A 34-year worker is found dead after consumption of cyanide. Cyanide inhibits a complex in the electron transport chain. Which is the most likely action of this complex?

A 45 year old man with BMI 40 is referred to the endocrinologist  after failure to reduce his body weight by diet and exercise. The physician prescribes him GLP-1 agonist.

What is the most likely mechanism of action of this drug?

A 65 year old man is diagnosed with microcytic hypochromic anemia. His GP prescribes him iron supplements.

Insulin is a potent suppressor of appetite. What is the single most likely mechanism stimulated by insulin to induce this effect?

A 50 year old man is investigated due to sudden onset of bleeding per rectum. Lower colonoscopy reveals a single mass projecting above the mucosal layer. The mass has a smooth outer surface.

Which is the single most likely definition of this mass?

A 50-year-old woman is lately feeling exhausted with easy fatiguability. She is advised to follow a healthy diet which includes nutrients that contain antioxidants to protect against tissue damage caused by oxidative free radicals. Which specific effect of tissue damage by free radicals can most probably manifest in this case?  

A 36 year old man walks into a restaurant and immediately starts salivating at the smell of grilled meat. He hasn’t eaten yet but begins to feel mild abdominal gurgling. A few hours later, he experiences a small release of digestive enzymes. The physician explains that the pancreas has already started preparing enzymes due to neural signals before food even entered his digestive tract.

Which phase of pancreatic secretion is most likely active in this case?

A metabolic pathway is a series of connected chemical reactions that feed one another. Which is most probably true for anabolic pathways?

A 23-year-old man is admitted to the hospital with a bulge in his scrotum. Physical examination reveals an indirect inguinal hernia. During the open hernia repair the internal spermatic fascia is identified and reflected to expose the ductus deferens and testicular vessels. Which of the following provides the internal spermatic fascial layer of the spermatic cord?