In obesity, leptin levels are: 

Out of the following tissues, which contains the most glycogen in reserve?

What is the lowest blood glucose level a human could have before becoming life-threatening leading to death?

Enter number  mM.

The presence of insulin in the bloodstream after a meal has different effects on different cells in the body.

Describe how insulin works at a cellular level in a fat cell (adipose cell) after a meal.

Enter answer.

Compare and contrast how the body supply energy for a 100 m sprinter vs a long-distance runner.

Enter answer.

The learning objectives in the “metabolic specialisation of tissues” lecture outline 4 different mechanisms used by tissues that confer tissue-specific roles in whole body metabolism. 

One mechanism is the expression of different glucose transporters. For example, the liver expresses GLUT2 which has low affinity for glucose and enables glucose to pass through to other tissues, muscle and adipose tissues express GLUT4 which confers insulin-sensitive glucose uptake in the fed state, the brain expresses GLUT3 which has very high affinity for glucose and ensures that the brain stays alive in an extreme hypoglycemic event, and pancreatic beta cells express GLUT2 to enable glucose sensing as glucose levels rise which triggers insulin secretion. 

Name the other 3 mechanisms and give examples of how each mechanism confers tissue-selectivity in the context of whole body metabolism.

Enter answer.

Glucagon interacts with a glucagon receptor and activates:

The adrenal gland secretes: 

This is Palle-Jooseppi from Finland and he has just woken up after his winter hibernation. Even after months-long rest, he does not look happy!

Prior to his long nap, Palle has spent a lot of time eating to make sure he has enough body fat stored to use for energy production. During his nap, he goes through β-oxidation to produce sufficient energy to keep him warm.

Using your knowledge of β-oxidation describe how Palle would break down a 12 carbon saturated fatty acid to yield energy.

Which of the labelled steps in fatty acid oxidation shown in the diagram is the rate-limiting step?