Fewer opcodes

Smaller instruction size

Accumulator-based operation

Faster memory

PC is incremented

R2 is incremented

R2 is decremented

R2 remains unchanged

10⁻¹²

64

3.75

0.5

Floating-point

Signed magnitude

Fixed-point

1’s complement

2000H​

0000H

8000H​

4000H

All three organizations will have the same miss rate in this scenario.

Direct-mapped.

Fully associative.

Set-associative.

The system will operate at a reduced memory capacity

The system will not be able to access any memory location.

Only the RAM chip with the malfunctioning chip select line will be accessible

Multiple RAM chips will respond simultaneously to the same address, leading to data corruption during read and write operations.

Cache memory

ALU carry logic

DMA controller

Control unit

F, B, C, D

F, E, A, B (F being the most recently used)

F, B, E, A

F, E, D, C