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is involved in bone degradation.

is derived from the mesenchyme.

is involved in secondary ossification.

has an eosinophilic cytoplasm.

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covers the outer surface of the epiphyses of long bones as cortical layer.

makes up the majority of the bone mass of the human skeleton.

consists of bone rafts between which are cavities filled with bone spicules.

forms the diaphysis of the long bones.

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Bone matrix contains

amorphous ground substance with glycosaminoglycans.

calcium phosphate.

type I collagen.

crystals (microscopic prisms) of hydroxyapatite.

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Osteon (Haversian system)

contains a central canal surrounded by laminae.

contains blood vessels, nerves, and endosteum.

is a permanent structure after its formation, which is not subject to further remodelling.

is lined with periosteum.

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The epiphyseal growth cartilage has the following zones:

hypertrofic zone.

proliferation zone.

calcification zone.

ossification zone.

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Bone degradation and new bone formation (remodelling)

depends on the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

takes place on the skull of the newborn at the fontanelle.

occurs more slowly in adulthood than in childhood.

is no longer possible after the end of physical growth.

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Primary (woven) bone

occurs in the fetal skeleton.

persists in adults in the protuberances at the origins/insertions of large tendons.

is temporary, in adults it is mostly replaced by secondary bone.

has collagen fibres arranged in lamellae.

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Woven (fibrillar, primary) bone

has no osteocytes yet, only osteoblasts.

has collagen fibrils arranged irregularly and running in different directions.

persists in adults, e.g. in tibial tuberosity.

forms primary bone during ontogenesis and during bone healing.

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Lamellar (secondary) bone

forms the majority of the adult skeleton.

occurs in the first stage of healing of bone fractures.

is the first type to appear in fetal development.

has collagen fibres arranged in lamellae.

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is involved in the degradation (erosion and resorption) of bone tissue.

is a multinucleated cell with phagocytic ability.

is involved in lowering blood calcium levels through its activity.

is involved in the mineralization of bone tissue.

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