Through

self-help strategies alone without structured support

Through participation in rehabilitation programs

and cognitive rehabilitation

By withdrawing from cognitively demanding

activities to avoid stress

By relying exclusively on medications to enhance

cognitive performance

Invalidation

or dismissal can make recovery significantly more difficult, while validation

supports healing

Positive responses can delay healing by

reinforcing avoidance of the trauma

It has minimal long-term effect, as recovery

depends more on therapy

It only influences recovery when the responder

is a family member

Clinicians often rely too heavily on biological

testing rather than behaviour

Autism cannot be reliably diagnosed before

adolescence

Most individuals with autism mask their symptoms

too effectively for any tools to detect

Many assessment tools are less sensitive to detecting autism traits in girls compared to boys

That treatment is unlikely to help

Why an individual prefers a particular drink

over another

An individual’s motivation for drinking

That it is completely unacceptable for an

alcoholic to ever have another drink

By noticing and drawing attention to narrative

discrepancies in the client’s personal stories

By guiding the client to reinterpret their

experiences through a trauma-informed lens

By exploring the protective function of

avoidance in the client’s developmental history

By using strengths-based language to reinforce

the client’s preferred self-concept

the person's psychological reaction to life events.

the occurrence of mundane events that may be

stressful.

major stressful events occurring in a

person's life.

all of the above.

They shift attention away from painful

relational memories to avoid threatening their view of the relationship

They idealize all relationships, regardless of

past harm

They seek out reassurance from others even in

the absence of distress

They focus intensely on the caregiver’s

emotional needs

They ensure that only clinically trained

individuals are exposed to trauma-related material

They allow therapists to avoid discussing

sensitive topics altogether

They help reduce the severity of PTSD symptoms

in trauma survivors

They validate the experiences of trauma

survivors and highlight that PTSD is real and should be taken seriously

Only trauma treatments such as EMDR or prolonged

exposure

Any modality that allows the person to talk

about the trauma and make meaning of it

Interpersonal therapy, as it prioritizes

relational repair over trauma content

Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), because it

focuses on restructuring beliefs

Autonomic

Cerebral cortex

Brain stem

Somatic