It reinforces maladaptive core beliefs about

personal responsibility

It promotes avoidance of cognitive restructuring

in therapy

It undercuts the expression of sadness and

denies its authenticity

It increases the risk of emotional overexposure

in early trauma processing

A social learning theory

A psychodynamic family-systems theory

A cognitive-behavioural theory

An evolutionary, biological theory

A moment when the client dissociates due to

unresolved trauma

A break or strain in the therapeutic alliance

between therapist and client

A disagreement between the therapist and client

about treatment goals

A regression in client functioning that disrupts

therapeutic progress

he also has coronary heart disease.

he freely discloses when he feels negative emotion.

he states that he dislikes his job.

he avoids expressing his emotional disposition.

No, recovery is determined more by personality

traits than age

Yes, the younger a person is when the trauma

occurs, the more difficult recovery tends to be

Only in cases where the trauma is not disclosed

until adulthood

Yes, but only if the trauma occurred before the

age of five

Another neurodevelopmental disorder, such as

ADHD

Specific phobia

Conduct disorder

Substance use disorder

EEG and structured clinical interview

Neurological exam and neuropsychological

assessment

Functional MRI and blood work

IQ testing and behavioural observation

Confusing it with simply encouraging people to

look on the “bright side” of trauma

Assuming that posttraumatic growth only occurs

after professional intervention

Believing that people who don’t experience

growth are psychologically unhealthy

Thinking it only applies to physical trauma

rather than emotional trauma

Traumatic grief is characterized primarily by

hyperarousal and avoidance

PTSD focuses on loss of trust in the world,

while traumatic grief focuses on trust in people

Traumatic grief only develops after a sudden or

violent death

Traumatic

grief involves ongoing, intense distress over a loss—often years later—as if

the loss had just occurred

As an innate human tendency that holds survival

value

As a culturally constructed phenomenon

influenced by parenting styles

As a developmental milestone achieved during

adolescence

As a learned behaviour reinforced by caregiver

consistency