You are assigned Commission A (diplomatic audience). Which version is more adequate, and why?

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In Nord’s model, “loyalty” differs from equivalence because it:

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If shifts are understood as decisions rather than transformations, which THREE consequences follow?

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A student argues that once a shift is identified and classified, its legitimacy is theoretically secured.

Which assumption does this statement most directly reveal?

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Two translators produce formally identical shifts. However, one works under strict institutional guidelines, while the other translates for activist publication. Why are their shifts not theoretically equivalent?

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A translator retains a metaphor that sounds slightly foreign in Ukrainian to preserve stylistic individuality in a literary text. This reflects:

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ST: “Reform requires sacrifice”.

Two translations:

A. «Реформа потребує жертви».

Which statement best explains the shift?

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Jakobson’s claim that “there is ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units” implies that:

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Which assumptions are shared by both dynamic equivalence and directional equivalence?

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Koller’s framework differs from Nida’s because it:

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