Karl Marx

Michel Foucault

Ferdinand de Saussure

Raymond Williams

Through

biological differences

Through symbols and representation

Based

on inherent cultural characteristics

Universally

and territorially

Supporters

Enthusiasts

Antifans

Admirers

It implemented a policy of "Soviet ideology"

It focused on economic development

It promoted ethnic harmony

It had no role in ethnic tensions

The role of ethnography in storytelling

The disruption of equilibrium and tracing consequences

Quantitative methods in storytelling

The dominance of cultural practices

Recognition of actions of the state authorities of the USSR in 1950

Recognition of actions of the state authorities of the USSR in 2000

Recognition of actions of the state authorities of the USSR in 1937-1938

as political repression

Recognition of actions of the state authorities of the USSR in 1910

253

 500

200

    100

The internet

disconnects local issues from global attention.

The internet limits

non-elites' participation in civil society.

The internet empowers non-elites for global activism

and democratic engagement.

The internet only

benefits traditional political systems.

The internet

discourages women from participating in political conversations.

Exclusively in the economic sector

Only in trade unions

In various areas such as education, trade

unions, advocacy groups, and community organizations.

Only in education

Reinforcing social inequalities

 Enhancing digital securit

 Shaping culture through imitation

Promoting democracy