Remedial model

Social learning model

Reciprocal model

Social goals model

Avoiding all discussion about personal

challenges.

Depending completely on the social worker

for every decision.

Showing compassion, concern and

willingness to assist others.

Refusing to listen to other members’

experiences.

Psychosocial theory

Resilience theory

Learning theory

Systems theory

The group should be treated as a clinical

setting only.

The problem is the problem; the group member is

not the problem.

The group member’s weaknesses should guide the

intervention.

The social worker should prescribe solutions for

group members.

The teenagers should be viewed as people with

strengths, capabilities and resources to address their challenges.

The teenagers should be treated mainly as

victims who cannot make decisions for themselves.

The teenagers should first be corrected

before they can participate in the group.

The group should focus mainly on the

risks, failures and weaknesses of the teenagers.

Minimum levels of services

Information and record keeping

Referral

Engagement

A team of clients without professionals

A team of professionals from a single discipline

but different training levels

A team formed only for political action

A group of professionals from unrelated

disciplines only

It prevents reflection on personal beliefs

It helps social workers understand how their own

culture affects practice

It allows social workers to impose their culture

on clients

It replaces the need for cultural knowledge

Cultural pre-competence

Cultural destructiveness

Cultural proficiency

Cultural competence

Language diversity

Diverse workforce

Ethics and values

Professional education