During intense exercise, as seen in the

cricketer above, sweat is produced by sweat glands. Although sweat initially

contains both water and electrolytes, some electrolytes are reabsorbed as sweat

moves through the duct. Compared to blood plasma, the final sweat that reaches

the skin surface is:

Name the technique you will use to create the concentrated solution of the molecule of interest you have identified.

Vaccines

are designed to provide controlled and mild exposure to a probable infection and

prepare our immune system to better defend us when the real infection hits us.                                                                                                              

Let us try to develop the vaccine design

strategy for this spike-protein based vaccine? The goal will be to make high

concentrations of this spike protein in the lab which can then be mixed with

supporting chemicals to create the final vaccine formulation. What information

do you need about the spike protein to start vaccine design?  

Remember the trekking trip we took to Ladakh during the lectures and how we stepped onto a rusty nail? The image above shows the wound site. Identify the components of the immune system marked on the figure.

The pathological lab extracts the bacterial

cells from a sputum sample provided by Amulya after 3 weeks of medication and

cultured the bacteria in the lab. Given his prolonged and worsening symptoms, the technician should use -------- concentration of the antibiotic than regular in the antimicrobial susceptibility test.

The skin is a significant barrier that forms

part of your innate immune system. Match the features in Column A with their

function in Column B

Describe any one internal threat which the

immune system is constantly keeping in check to keep you healthy.

Amulya was unfortunately diagnosed with

tuberculosis (a baterial infection) and doctors prescribed the appropriate first line antibiotics.

Even after 3 weeks of medication, Amulya’s symptoms kept on worsening. What could be a possible

reason for this?      

As life evolved further, some aspects of the

immune system were preserved over time while some were lost. Can you propose a

strategy to track this evolution of features of the immune system over time?