Question 4: The sternal angle indicates the position of?

Question 2: How many electrodes are positioned on the subject? 

(Type a number between 1 and 99)

Question 1: Who can be a subject for this class?

Atenolol is an antagonist with no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, while pindolol is a partial agonist with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.

Why were you unable to observe the submaximal efficacy of pindolol in the datasets? Select the correct answer(s).

Atenolol is a selective β1-adrenoceptor antagonist while pindolol is a non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist. Select the correct statement(s) below.

The effects of β-adrenoceptor blockade on exercise-induced changes in the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system

Figure 6: The effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on perceived exertion during exercise (fatigue) in healthy individuals over time. Placebo (vitamin B6, 10 mg), atenolol (50 mg) or pindolol (10 mg) were administered at 0 min. Data shown as mean ± s.e.m. * p<0.05 drug vs placebo (ANOVA); n = 41-73 per treatment.

In your practical class, you learned that β-adrenoceptor blockade increase fatigue during exercise. What is a possible explanation for the unchanged fatigue level observed for atenolol in this graph?

The effects of β-adrenoceptor blockade on exercise-induced changes in the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system

In the graph below, data for atenolol and placebo are taken from the collated practical classes in 2022, while data for pindolol was obtained from a previous cohort of students.

Figure 6: The effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on perceived exertion during exercise (fatigue) in healthy individuals over time. Placebo (vitamin B6, 10 mg), atenolol (50 mg) or pindolol (10 mg) were administered at 0 min. Data shown as mean ± s.e.m. * p<0.05 drug vs placebo (ANOVA); n = 41-73 per treatment.

Briefly describe the data shown

The effects of β-adrenoceptor blockade on exercise-induced changes in the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system

Predict the effect of β-adrenoceptor blockade on fatigue at rest and during exercise.

The effects of β-adrenoceptor blockade on lung function

Figure 5: The effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on resting peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of healthy individuals over time. Placebo (vitamin B6, 10 mg), atenolol (50 mg) or pindolol (10 mg) were administered at 0 min. Data shown as mean ± s.e.m. * p<0.05 drug vs placebo (ANOVA); n = 41-73 per treatment.

There are large error bars in the data set shown. Suggest several factors that may contribute to this.

The effects of β-adrenoceptor blockade on lung function

In the graph below, data for atenolol and placebo are taken from the collated practical classes in 2022, while data for pindolol was obtained from a previous cohort of students.

Figure 5: The effect of β-adrenoceptor antagonists on resting peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of healthy individuals over time. Placebo (vitamin B6, 10 mg), atenolol (50 mg) or pindolol (10 mg) were administered at 0 min. Data shown as mean ± s.e.m. * p<0.05 drug vs placebo (ANOVA); n = 41-73 per treatment.

Briefly describe the data shown.