Different types of interventions and treatments are most effective for treating substance-use disorders. However, most alcohol and drug treatment programmes have two phases which are (a) - - - - - in the first phase and (b) - - - - - in the second phase of intervention.

According to the psychodynamic explanation of Alcohol Use Disorder, during times of stress or when confronted with situations reminiscent of early conflicts, alcohol use is viewed as primarily:

Sandile sought treatment as he was remarkably distressed and suicidal during a robbery six months ago. He witnessed his wife being raped and shot on their farm. For the past three months, Sandile, now a widower, finds himself having flashbacks of that night and reports feeling on edge at the slightest noise and being unable to sleep properly. He also finds that he avoids the room in which the shooting happened (he locked it the day after the police removed his wife’s body), and he has been absent from work on most days. Sandile reports feeling emotionally numb but, when prompted, admits he wishes he had been assaulted and shot instead. He feels guilty for not stopping the ringleader at the farm gate, whom he had found suspicious. He sits on his porch and has neglected the harvest. Sandile is not abusing any substances and barely eats. Before the traumatic event, Sandile was regarded by his employees and friends as healthy and full of life. Which of the following DSM-5 TR diagnoses would the psychologist diagnose?

According to the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for Acute Stress Disorder, symptoms must be drawn from five major symptom clusters. Which of the following is not one of these clusters?

Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder differ with regard to the following:

Within the African perspective, disorders are categorised into two broad realms, each of which is believed to be underpinned by specific causal factors. The two broad categories are     - - - - -

Which one of the following alternatives contains factors related to the aetiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder that represent all four dimensions of the Multipath Model’s explanation of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

Personality disorders have a/an - - - - - pattern; that is - - - - - and - - - - - across a broad range of personal and social situations.

Jessica, a 20-year-old woman, has always been self-conscious about her appearance. She spends hours in front of the mirror daily, scrutinising her face and body for imperfections. Jessica is convinced she has a big stomach, small breasts, and a big nose. She has tried every beauty product and surgical procedure to fix these perceived flaws, but according to her, these did not work. Jessica is becoming increasingly isolated and depressed. Her friends have tried to reassure her that she looks beautiful and that they cannot notice these perceived flaws. A psychologist will probably make the principal diagnosis of - - - - -.

Cindy-Lee shows a longstanding, inflexible and pervasive pattern of restraint in intimate relationships for fear of being shamed. She is preoccupied with being rejected, views herself as inferior to others and is socially inhibited due to feelings of inadequacy. Cindy-Lee is likely to meet the criteria for which one of the following DSM-5-TR disorders