Refer to the bacterial growth data above presented in the workshop.

Using only the following terms, fill in the blanks (you can copy and paste the terms between commas):

acetate, acetate utilisation,  arginine, arginine utilisation, glucose, glucose utilisation,  glycerol, glycerol utilisation, histidine, histidine utilisation, destruction, no growth, robust growth, partial growth, DNA repair, carbon utilisation, nitrogen utilisation, gain no new information, determine a redundancy in function, observe that together they are essential genes

NOTE: not all the above terms are required, some may be used more than once and all terms must be spelled correctly (excluding the commas) to be marked as correct.

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When gene D is deleted we observe no growth when is the sole source in the media, with partial growth when exposed to only as a source in the media. When the gene E mutant is exposed to only glycerol as a carbon source we observe of the cells. The function of gene E appears to be related to . When observing the phenotypes of the gene B mutant, it appears to be essential for .

From the result of the A&B double mutant across the growth conditions compared to the single mutants, we can .

From the result of the C&D double mutant across the growth conditions compared to the single mutants, we can .

Consider the above data when filling in the blanks for the following questions.

A scientist measures the cell volume of S. aureus cells in various NaCl solutions. She measures three different cell types, shown by the black (1st), blue (2nd) and red bars (3rd). One cell type is “wild type” S. aureus. The other two cell types have each had a gene deleted. These genes each encode a different sodium transporter membrane protein.

Which data most likely represents the cell volume of the wild type S. aureus?

In those cells that have expanded in comparison to the wildtype, the water has transferred from

Based on these data, the cell type represented by the red (3rd) bars

When experimenting on a transport system, you determine that the flow of solute is against the concentration gradient, and does not require the direct application of ATP. The method of transport across the membrane is therefore likely:

Using only the following terms, fill in the blanks (you can copy and paste the terms between commas):

NOTE: not all of the terms are required, some may be used more than once and all terms must be spelled correctly (excluding the commas) to be marked as correct.

ATP, cell wall, chloroplast, cholesterol, DNA, endomembrane, endomembrane proteins, enzymes, fusion proteins, golgi apparatus, lipids, lysosome, membrane, membrane proteins, mitochondria, mutations, non-folding polypeptides, nucleus, peroxisomes, photosynthesis, plasma membrane, RNA, rough endoplasmic reticulum, signal proteins, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, surface area, surface area to volume ratio, vesicles, volume

Q1. Excluding the nucleus, name an organelle that contains its own genome?

Use this information to answer questions 2 and 3. A researcher creates two fusion proteins. One protein is fused to GFP (a green fluorescent protein) and the other to mCherry (a red fluorescent protein).

Q2 Look at the distribution of the two proteins throughout this animal cell. What aspect of their distribution do these two proteins have in common? They are both….

Q3 Based on their distribution, how are these two proteins different?

mCherry is specific

GFP is specific

Q4. A researcher is looking at how these fusion proteins affect the cell. What can the researcher measure to look at the effect of the mCherry fusion protein?

The rough endoplasmic reticulum is considered rough because:

Which of the following combinations is MOST optimal for a prokaryotic cell with regards to the movement of molecules into, out of, and around the cell. 

In an evolutionary sense, what most likely relates to secondary endosymbiosis?

One of the essential functions of the cell is energy production. Where is this primarily carried out in eukaryotic cells and where is this carried out in prokaryotic cells?

Based on current evidence, one of the events leading from the first eukaryotic common ancestor to the modern eukaryotic cell would be: