The IPCC and IEA recommend CCUS to reduce carbon emissions.

CCUS is not compulsory for hard-to-abate sectors for net zero.

There is a carbon footprint when capturing carbon dioxide.

CCUS reduces carbon emissions when fossil fuels are burned.

How Dr Saman and his teaching team (Manuja and Shafeeq) designed this unit.

Ability to understand the difference between CCUS and CCS.

Can learn different CCUS technologies.

Develop human capital for CCUS with a systems-thinking approach.

Private sector involvement will be high due to favourable CCUS economics.

CCUS projects will not support carbon trading, and thus revenue generation will be minimised.

CCUS projects will be more challenging with carbon pricing mechanisms since the companies have to pay for captured carbon.

Carbon pricing is not a liability for companies emitting carbon.

Carbon storage is in the geological domain, and thus, interdisciplinary collaborations are not required.

Regulatory approval for CCUS projects is given without interdisciplinary collaborations.

CCUS is a societal challenge.

Engineers can carry out CCUS projects using only policy frameworks.

It experienced early challenges but invested in advanced MVA and now stores CO₂ in the Dupuy formation.

It had minimal regulatory oversight and low MVA standards.

It focused on storing methane instead of carbon dioxide.

It faced delays despite having low injection volumes and simple geology.

They are widely available and offer ample storage capacities at suitable depths.

They naturally convert CO₂ into hydrocarbons.

They have the potential for oil extraction alongside CO₂.

They are inexpensive to access and operate.

By enabling CO₂ to float freely within the reservoir for later retrieval.

By using capillary forces to immobilise CO₂ in rock pores shortly after injection.

By converting CO₂ into solid mineral carbonates instantly.

By enhancing pressure within the reservoir to seal fractures.

Reducing the depth of injection significanty to make storage more accessible.

Limiting monitoring to post-injection phases only to save resources.

Creating regional hubs that serve multiple CO₂ emitters with shared infrastructure.

Limit carbon dioxide storage and focus on enhanced oil recovery.

It offers the most permanent sequestration through chemical conversion into stable carbonates.

It relies on gravity forces to immobilise CO₂ droplets.

It operates only under low temperature and pressure.

It involves rapid CO₂ conversion into natural gas.