The Arkalon Ethanol Plant in Kansas is a conversion-based BECCS system, and captured carbon dioxide is used for biofuel production.

The BECCS pilot plant in Sweden plans to employ biomass and industrial residues for conversion-based biofuel production.

The Illinois Industrial CCS facility captures CO₂ from corn-based ethanol fermentation and utilises it for beverage production.

The Stockholm Exergi BECCS pilot in Sweden is a combustion-based BECCS plant.

Fermentation compresses the generated carbon dioxide by biomass through gasification.

Fermentation is employed, and it converts the biomass to biofuels.

Captured air contains a lower carbon dioxide concentration compared to combustion-based BECCS systems.

Gasification is one of the key processes in conversion-based direct BECCS systems.

Industrial emissions are high in developing countries.

BECCS policy developments are not needed targeting large scale BECCS projects.

Lack of public-private partnerships to develop pilot-scale BECCS in developing countries.

Additional plants are unnecessary, considering the number of pilot-scale BECCS plants in developing countries.

DAC can be used to capture carbon dioxide from air near power plants.

DAC is an advanced carbon capture method.

DAC utilises the air from the ambient atmosphere to capture carbon dioxide.

DAC is not suitable for hard-to-abate industries.

Reduction of the energy requirement and increasing the capacity are the main objectives.

Increasing the capture rate is not a major requirement.

The current developments of pilot-scale DAC systems are significant in developing countries.

Energy consumption in DAC systems is constant for different DAC technologies at the pilot-scale.

The scalability and flexibility aspects of DAC are low.

By capturing carbon dioxide, DAC provides accountability in carbon offset strategies.

Even capturing very high amounts of carbon dioxide, DAC does not contribute to negative emissions.

Large fans are not compulsory in DAC processes.

Air volume captured by DAC systems is lower than that injected for an absorber as flue gas to capture one tonne of carbon dioxide.

There are significant challenges when deploying DAC systems on a large scale.

Air movement of DAC systems requires energy since carbon capture from the atmosphere is targeted.

It is not feasible to power DAC systems using fossil fuels.

Liquid solvents are used to facilitate the carbon capture.

Compared to conventional absorption, solvent regeneration is not required.

High capture efficiency is one of the advantages of absorption-based DAC systems.

Strong alkaline solutions are employed in absorption-based DAC systems.

Capturing other impurities is beneficial for the overall system efficiency.

They operate at relatively lower temperatures compared to absorption-based systems.

Captured air is passed through a fixed bed or rotating contactor containing the liquid sorbents.

Adsorbent degradation is a minor issue that affects the overall system efficiency.