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BMS3031 - Molecular mechanisms of disease - S1 2026
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Analysis of antibody genes from B cells after repeated antigen exposure reveals many silent mutations throughout the variable region, but amino acid–altering mutations are concentrated in specific antigen-contact regions. Which of the following provides the best explanation for the distribution of mutations within the antibody?
Early in a primary immune response, antibodies are often produced before extensive affinity maturation has occurred. Despite having relatively low affinity at individual antigen-binding sites, these early antibodies can still bind pathogens effectively and contribute to immune protection.
Which explanation BEST accounts for the
effectiveness of IgM during this early phase?
During an immune response, B cells can modify the antibodies they produce without changing antigen specificity. This modification alters how antibodies interact with other components of the immune system.
Which observation would provide the strongest
evidence that class switch recombination has occurred in a population of B
cells?
Activated B cells can alter the class of antibody they produce, changing how antibodies interact with Fc receptors and complement while preserving antigen specificity. This process allows the immune system to tailor effector responses to different stages or types of infection.
Which experimental result would most strongly
support that class switch recombination has taken place?
Following antigen encounter, antigen-specific B cells and CD4⁺ T cells must interact to initiate a T cell–dependent antibody response. This requires coordinated changes in cell migration within secondary lymphoid organs.
Which observation would provide the strongest
evidence that this migratory coordination between B cells and T cells is
functioning correctly?
T cell–dependent antibody responses require precise spatial and temporal coordination between antigen-specific B cells and CD4⁺ helper T cells. After antigen encounter, both cell types undergo regulated changes in chemokine receptor expression that guide their migration within secondary lymphoid organs.
Which finding best demonstrates that this
coordinated cellular migration is occurring normally?
Random antigen receptor generation during development produces a lymphocyte population comprising both foreign and self-antigen recognition. Mechanisms of tolerance act at multiple stages to prevent harmful, anti-self immune responses.
Which observation would provide the strongest evidence that immune tolerance has failed in an individual?
Each mature B cell expresses a single, unique antigen receptor generated during development, allowing the immune system to recognise a wide range of potential antigens. In a normal immune response, antigen exposure leads to selective activation and rapid expansion of only those B cells whose receptors bind the antigen, while unrelated B cells remain inactive.
In a hypothetical organism that lacks clonal
selection but retains all other features of adaptive immunity, which finding,
after immunisation with a single purified protein would most clearly
differentiate it from a normal system?
B cells each express a unique antigen receptor before encountering antigen. During an immune response, only B cells whose receptors can bind a given antigen are activated and undergo rapid proliferation.
A hypothetical immune system lacks clonal
selection but retains all other features of adaptive immunity. Following
exposure to a single protein antigen, which outcome would most strongly
distinguish this system from a normal B-cell response?
Certain avian influenza viruses occasionally infect humans, causing severe disease in those affected. However, most of these viruses fail to cause widespread human outbreaks because their replication is inefficient in the upper respiratory tract, which limits human-to-human transmission. Public health experts monitor these viruses closely because small genetic changes could increase their transmissibility.
Which statement best explains why some bird flu viruses are considered a “pandemic waiting to happen”?