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Natures Machines
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The phage kills the bacteria by hijacking it's transcription and translational machineries.
The research identifies a specific bacterial gene sequence that normally gets transcribed and translated into a short peptide. After phage infection, they discover a phage-derived sequence replacing this bacterial sequence, leading to a different amino acid sequence.
Bacterial DNA sequence - 5'- GTG ATG TTT GGC AAC TGA TAA-3'
Phage DNA sequence - 5' - GTG ATG TTC TGA GGA AGC TAA -3'
(i) Determine the correct bacterial and phage mRNA sequence. (1.5 marks)
(ii) Determine the correct bacterial and phage polypeptide sequence. (1.5 marks)
(iii) Explain 2 specific ways in which altering the poylpeptide sequence can help disrupt the bacterial cell functioning (1 mark).
The scientists suggest using phage therapy (using bacteriophages) to target the bacterial infection. Compared to chemical pesticides, phages only specifically attack the targeted bacterial species, leaving other cells unharmed. Unlike chemical pesticides, phages are biodegradable and do not accumulate in the environment.
The key to the phage attacking the bacteria is it's specific recognition of the bacteria via the receptor.
Considering that there are proteins involved in this reaction, suggest atleast 2 intermolecular forces that help the phage bind to the bacteria.
The scientists find out that the microorganism is a bacteria and the following structure shows a single cell and a cross section of an organelle. Can you explain the connection of how the organelle shown here, helps this bacteria?
The research team is investigating which specific biomolecule in the bacteria is chiefly responsible for causing the disease. They aim to identify it using a combination of radiolabelling, chemical assays, and cell fractionation.
The following experimental results are obtained:
Radiolabelling Experiments:
•The biomolecule
is labelled
when
bacteria are grown in a medium containing ¹⁵N (nitrogen-15).
•No
labelling is
observed when bacteria are grown with ³²P (phosphorus-32).
Chemical Assays:
•It shows
high
catalytic activity
when tested for a specific biochemical reaction.
Cell Fractionation:
•The biomolecule
is primarily found in the cytoplasmic fraction
after ultracentrifugation.
(i) Based on these observations, one of the research member initially thinks
it’s a ribozyme. Can you give one reason for this hunch, and one way to falsify
this? ( 1 mark)
(ii) Can you suggest which molecule it likely is, and suggest one more test/experiment that could help confirm the nature of the molecule? (1 mark)The scientists find out over studies that it's not the fertilizers, but rather a microorganism that is infecting the tomato plant causing withering and spots. The mircroorganism is using the following structure in plants and leading to production of glucose molecules from this.
Can you explain what is the possible mechanism of action by which plants are suffering due to this microorganism?
Farmers are protesting in Punjab due to crop infestation in their tomato farms. The government has taken a measure and framed a policy for not allowing use of certain chemical pesticides to protect the environment and health. The farmers feel as a result of this their crops are suffering infestation and leading to losses. The government has approached your research institute to understand and find a solution to the problem.
A team of scientists starts looking at the problem.
The researchers first understand which fertilizers are being used by farmers and make sure that it's not the cause of the problem. The fertilizers used contain the elements phosphorous (P) and nitrogen (N).
Looking at the plant cell structure below, name two parts of the cell where phosphorous and nitrogen will be used most.
Gene therapy can be used to treat cases of defective genes of LDLR. Genetic material either as DNA or m-RNA can be inserted into cells via in-vitro (in the lab/on cell culture plates) or in-vivo (in the living organism directly).
Science is like this plate of chaat—layered, interconnected, and full of surprises. Understanding biomolecules doesn’t just help us learn biology, but also gives us the power to engineer real-world solutions, from treating genetic disorders to designing better nutrition and medicines. You don’t have to be a doctor to make a difference in human health. You just need curiosity, the right tools, and the willingness to explore.
Practice: How do you feel after completing this quiz? (This answer won’t affect your grades. So be honest and choose all that apply ;))
In a defective LDL receptor (LDLR), a defect at the genetic level can affect the 3D structure of the LDLR. If key substitutions occur in the 4 and 6 amino acids from the N-terminus of the polypeptide that codes for the B part of the LDLR (as shown in the image):
The researcher finished his food and looked for a dustbin to dispose of his plate. He pointed out to an analogy “You see these dustbins. What happens if there are not sufficient of them? The waste won’t be disposed correctly and will litter around on the streets. In a similar way, if there are not enough receptors for LDL on the liver cells, the LDL would litter around in the bloodstream”. So why does this happen and what can be done?
Practice question: Which of the following statements about LDL is correct?