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MCB2011 - Molecular biology and the cell - S1 2025
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Unlike basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) which rarely metastasise, squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) frequently metastasise and migrate from the skin to other parts of the body. Metastasis has been linked to reduced cadherin expression. Explain how reduced cadherin expression in SCCs impacts junctional complexes and enables metastasis. (2-3 sentences) (2 marks)
Mutations in the gene encoding Patched have been detected in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) which is a type of skin cancer. The mutations inactivate the Patched protein making it non-functional. Would the inactivation of Patched result in overexpression or under expression of Hedgehog target genes in basal carcinoma cells? Use your knowledge of the Hedgehog signalling pathway to justify your response. (2-3 sentences) (2 marks)
Which form of intercellular signalling is used by the Hedgehog signalling pathway?
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) acts as a second messenger downstream of which of the following receptor types?
Following activation of the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR), how are intracellular proteins initially activated in the downstream signalling pathway?
The researcher
captured the electron micrograph image below which shows the release of albumin
from a secretory vesicle within a hepatocyte into the extracellular
environment.
Identify the donor and target membranes for the secretory vesicle. (2
marks)
The import of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase into the mitochondrion is defective in cell line HEP-M1. The researcher used subcellular fractionation and western blotting to detect acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in different subcellular compartments. The western blotting results for normal healthy hepatocytes and the HEP-M1 cell line are summarised in the figure below.
Which of the following mutations (A, B, C) is most likely present in the HEP-M1 cell line? Use the western blotting results and your knowledge of the mitochondrial protein import process to justify your response. (2-3 sentences) (2 marks)
A. The acyl-CoA dehydrogenase mitochondrial signal sequence is mutated B. The receptor protein in the TOM complex is mutated C. The translocation channel in the TIM23 complex is mutated
The ecologists used a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay to investigate the abundance of the novel organism in several different ecological niches including hydrothermal vents, deep-sea sediments and shallow coastal waters. The qPCR assay was performed using a primer that specifically targeted a gene carried by the novel organism.
Examine the qPCR results shown above. Which ecological niche (hydrothermal vents, deep-sea sediments, shallow coastal waters) had the highest abundance of the novel organism? Briefly explain how you reached this conclusion. (2-3 sentences) (2 marks)