A translator retains a metaphor that sounds slightly foreign in Ukrainian to preserve stylistic individuality in a literary text. This reflects:

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ST: “Reform requires sacrifice”.

Two translations:

A. «Реформа потребує жертви».

Which statement best explains the shift?

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Jakobson’s claim that “there is ordinarily no full equivalence between code-units” implies that:

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Which assumptions are shared by both dynamic equivalence and directional equivalence?

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Koller’s framework differs from Nida’s because it:

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Dynamic equivalence and pragmatic equivalence both:

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Why does equivalence not fully solve the problem raised in Unit 3?

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A translation produces:

-identical referential meaning

-altered cultural resonance

-different audience positioning

Which combination best describes the situation?

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Newmark defends literal translation only when:

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Equivalence historically emerges as a dominant paradigm after World War II due to:

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